Air pollution and daily mortality in Sydney, Australia, 1989 through 1993.

Morgan, Geoffrey G.; Corbett, Stephen; Wlodarczyk, John; Lewis, Peter

doi:10.2105/ajph.88.5.759

Cited by 69 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Hence respiratory health effects on people can be observed when they are exposed at elevated concentrations. Studies indicated that an increase in daily mean PM 10 concentrations might cause an increase in daily mortality and hospital admissions (Schwartz, 1991;Dockery and Pope, 1994;Morgan et al, 1998aMorgan et al, , 1998b. With significant relevance to human health, understanding the behavior of PM 10 is crucial for important administrative and industrial decision making in a metropolitan area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

Mok

Hoi

2005

Environ Monit Assess

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Review on the annual PM10 concentrations over a 10-year period shows that Macau is subjected to severe fine particulate pollution. Investigations of its variation in monthly and daily time scales with the local meteorological records reveal further details. It is found that a distinct feature of the Asian monsoon climates, the changes of wind direction, mainly controls the general trend of PM10 concentration in a year. The monsoon driven winter north-easterly winds bring upon Macau dry and particle enriched air masses leading to a higher concentration in that period while the summer south-westerly winds transport humid and cleaner air to the region leading to a lower PM10 value. This distinct seasonal feature is further enhanced by the lower rainfall volume and frequency as well as mixing height in winter and their higher counterparts in summer. It is also found that the development of tropical cyclones near Macau could also impose episode like PM10 concentration spikes due to the pre-typhoon induced stagnant air motion followed by the swing of wind direction to the northerly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

Mok

Hoi

2005

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Some studies have suggested that NO2 is acting wholly or partly as a Colvile et al, 2000. The transport sector as a polluter 6 surrogate for another pollutant that has similar properties and source distribution (Poloniecki et al (1997), , Morgan et al (1998)). However, others have shown an effect of NO2 after allowing for the effects of other pollutants (Castellsagué et al (1995), Pantazopoulou et al (1995), Linn et al (1996)).…”

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confidence: 99%

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Colvile

Hutchinson

Mindell

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

607

228

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Transport first became a significant source of air pollution after the problems of sooty smog from coal combustion had largely been solved in western European and North American cities. Since then, emissions from road, air, rail and water transport have been partly responsible for acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Most recently, road traffic exhaust emissions have been the cause of much concern about the effects of urban air quality on human health and tropospheric ozone production. This article considers the variety of transport impacts on the atmospheric environment by reviewing three examples: urban road traffic and human health, aircraft emissions and global atmospheric change, and the contribution of sulphur emissions from ships to acid deposition. Each example has associated with it a different level of uncertainty, such that a variety of policy responses to the problems are appropriate, from adaptation through precautionary emissions abatement to cost-benefit analysis and optimised abatement. There is some evidence that the current concern over the transport contribution to urban air quality is justified, but aircraft emissions should also give cause for concern given that air traffic is projected to continue to increase. Emissions from road traffic are being reduced substantially by the introduction of technology especially three-way catalysts and also, most recently, by local traffic reduction measures especially in western European cities. In developing countries and Eastern Europe, however, there remains the possibility of great increase in car ownership and use, and it remains to be seen whether these countries will adopt measures now to prevent transport-related air pollution problems becoming severe later in the 21 st century.Key words: Vehicle emissions, Aerosol urban, Health impact, Ship emissions, Aircraft emissions 1 Introduction Transport is widely recognised to be a significant and increasing source of air pollution world wide. Several previous reviews have focused on individual modes of transport and/or single environmental impacts of transport. For example, OECD (1988) briefly considers regional and global impacts of transport emissions of air pollution, but is mostly concerned with the impact of emissions on local urban air quality, and considers only road transport. The Third International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (Joumard, 1996) also has an emphasis on road traffic and urban air quality, but the Special Edition of Science of the Total Environment presenting highlights of the symposium also includes a few papers covering air and sea transport. Joumard comments on the value of the contributions from developing countries including Africa and Latin America; a review of road transport emissions and their impact on the environment at all scales from local to global was also published a couple of years earlier by Faiz (1993). One of the most comprehensive recent reviews of the environmental impacts of transport is that of the Royal Commi...

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“…Morgan et al (1998) showed that excess deaths were significantly associated with NO 2, PM 10 and NO 2 after adjusting for weather confounders in full season in Sydney. However, in our study, other pollutants (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Temperature, air pollution and total mortality during summers in Sydney, 1994–2004

Mengersen

McMichael

et al. 2008

Int J Biometeorol

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This study investigated the effect of temperature and air pollutants on total mortality in summers in Sydney, Australia. Daily data on weather variables, mortality and air pollution for the Sydney metropolitan area from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2004 were supplied by Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Bureau of Statistics, and Environment Protection Agency of New South Wales, respectively. We examined the association of total mortality with weather indicators and air pollution using generalised additive models (GAMs). A time-series classification and regression tree (CART) model was developed to explore the interaction effects of temperature and air pollution that impacted on mortality. Our results show that the average increase in total daily mortality was 0.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6-1.3%] and 22% (95% CI: 6.4-40.5%) for a 1 degrees C increase in daily maximum temperature and 1 part per hundred million (pphm) increase in daily average concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), respectively. Time-series CART results show that maximum temperature and SO(2) on the current day had significant interaction effects on total mortality. There were 7.3% and 12.1% increases in daily average mortality when maximum temperature was over 32 degrees C and mean SO(2) exceeded 0.315 pphm, respectively. Daily maximum temperature was statistically significantly associated with daily deaths in Sydney during summers between 1994 and 2004. Elevated daily maximum temperature combined with high SO(2) concentrations appeared to have contributed to the increased mortality observed in Sydney during this period.

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Air pollution and daily mortality in Sydney, Australia, 1989 through 1993.

Cited by 69 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations - A study in Macau

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Temperature, air pollution and total mortality during summers in Sydney, 1994–2004

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