Air Pollution and Human Health

Lave, Lester B.; Seskin, Eugene P.

doi:10.1126/science.169.3947.723

Cited by 299 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The spatial and temporal emissions fields in both Scenario HR and HF lead to significant reductions in ozone and particulate matter in general, and especially where the poorest local air quality is experienced. This is important given that high correlations between long-term exposure to atmospheric aerosols and human health have been detected in population-based studies for several decades (33). A recent study by Pope et al (2009) even quantifies the effects of aerosols on human lifespan.…”

Section: General Observations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Stephens-Romero

Carreras-Sospedra

Brouwer

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Adoption of hydrogen infrastructure and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) to replace gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles has been proposed as a strategy to reduce criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector and transition to fuel independence. However, it is uncertain (1) to what degree the reduction in criteria pollutants will impact urban air quality, and (2) how the reductions in pollutant emissions and concomitant urban air quality impacts compare to ultralow emission gasoline-powered vehicles projected for a future year (e.g., 2060). To address these questions, the present study introduces a "spatially and temporally resolved energy and environment tool" (STREET) to characterize the pollutant and GHG emissions associated with a comprehensive hydrogen supply infrastructure and HFCVs at a high level of geographic and temporal resolution. To demonstrate the utility of STREET, two spatially and temporally resolved scenarios for hydrogen infrastructure are evaluated in a prototypical urban airshed (the South Coast Air Basin of California) using geographic information systems (GIS) data. The well-to-wheels (WTW) GHG emissions are quantified and the air quality is established using a detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport model followed by a comparison to a future gasoline scenario comprised of advanced ICE vehicles. One hydrogen scenario includes more renewable primary energy sources for hydrogen generation and the other includes more fossil fuel sources. The two scenarios encompass a variety of hydrogen generation, distribution, and fueling strategies. GHG emissions reductions range from 61 to 68% for both hydrogen scenarios in parallel with substantial improvements in urban air quality (e.g., reductions of 10 ppb in peak 8-h-averaged ozone and 6 µg/m 3 in 24-h-averaged particulate matter concentrations, particularly in regions of the airshed where concentrations are highest for the gasoline scenario).

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Section: General Observations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Stephens-Romero

Carreras-Sospedra

Brouwer

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Since we had data for five monitors, we considered each monitor independently, as well as the average of all monitors and of the four central monitors that had data for any given day. For all variables, we tested the same day and up to 5 previous days (lags [1][2][3][4][5], and the average of the previous days, from 1 to 5.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A consistent effect of air pollution on mortality has been found in studies of different design and in different parts of the world. [1][2][3] Several meta-analyses [4][5][6][7][8] have focused on the association between suspended PM and mortality, while relatively less emphasis has been given to gaseous pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Cifuentes

Vega

Köpfer

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

Self Cite

195

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Daily counts of non-accidental deaths in Santiago, Chile, from 1988 to 1996 were regressed on six air pollutantsfine particles (PM 2.5 ), coarse particles (PM 10-2.5 ), CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , and O 3 . Controlling for seasonal and meteorological conditions was done using three different modelsa generalized linear model, a generalized additive model, and a generalized additive model on previously filtered data. Single-and two-pollutant models were tested for lags of 1-5 days and the average of the previous 2-5 days.The increase in mortality associated with the mean levels of air pollution varied from 4 to 11%, depending on the pollutants and the way season of the year was considered. The results were not sensitive to the modeling approaches, but different effects for warmer and colder months were found. Fine particles were more important than coarse particles in the whole year and in winter, but not in summer. NO 2 and CO were also significantly associated with daily mortality, as was O 3 in the warmer months. No consistent effect was observed for SO 2 . Given particle composition in Santiago, these results suggest that combustion-generated pollutants, especially from motor vehicles, may be associated with increased mortality. Temperature was closely associated with mortality. High temperatures led to deaths on the same day, while low temperatures lead to deaths from 1 to 4 days later. IMPLICATIONSSignificant statistical associations were found between daily mortality in Santiago for 1988-1996 and several measures of ambient air pollution (PM 2.5 , PM 10-2.5 , CO, NO 2 , and O 3 ). The risks for PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and CO were comparable. PM 10-2.5 and O 3 were significant only during the warmer months. SO 2 did not show a consistent statistically significant risk. The results suggest that combustion sources may be responsible for increased mortality in Santiago.

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“…The studies are so numerous that the Department of Commerce has prepared an annotated bibliography of the various reports. Many of the studies reach opposing conclusions and there are only a few points of common agreement: (1) Class I areas present a major obstacle to growth, (2) industry capital costs will increase as a result of prevention of significant deterioration regulations, (3) facility size, emission control technology, and siting will be influenced by the regulations, and (4) future growth will be restricted by the elimination of Class III areas.…”

Section: Pac:ificmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…:lt be considered are: (1) binding or other malfunction of the rappers, (2) distortion or rupture of the shell, and (3) air inleakage.…”

Section: Operating Problems and Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal. Technology status report. Volume II

1976

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Air Pollution and Human Health

Cited by 299 publications

References 51 publications

Determining Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Determining Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal. Technology status report. Volume II

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