Air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave as seen by MOZAIC airliners

Tressol, Marc; Ordóñez, Carlos; Zbinden, R.; Thouret, V.; Mari, C.; Nédélec, Philippe; Cammas, Jean‐Pierre; Smit, H. G. J.; Pätz, H.‐W.; Volz‐Thomas, A.

doi:10.5194/acpd-7-15911-2007

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A more detailed analysis of the meteorology during the period of analysis can be found in Tressol et al (2008). We will analyse the same periods considered in that work -before (16-31 July 2003), during (2-14 August 2003) and after (16-31 August 2003) the heat wave -in order to test the model's performance under moderate and extreme meteorological conditions.…”

Section: Statistics Used For Model Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in both O 3 and CO above Frankfurt in the middle of the heat wave as a consequence of the ventilation by a low-pressure system is reproduced by the models. However all model runs have difficulties in reproducing the previous strong increase in CO, which is at least partly associated with the transport from Portuguese fires (Hodzic et al, 2007;Tressol et al, 2008). This was expected since the models use monthly averaged emission data and do not include a parameterisation for injection heights of fire emissions; therefore they cannot account for the strong transport of CO from Portuguese fires to other countries of Western and Central Europe, particularly during 6-10 August, the period for which Tressol et al (2008) found a contribution of biomass burning to CO above Frankfurt of around 35%.…”

Section: Comparison With O 3 and Co Profiles From Mozaicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An improved simulation including a MODIS-derived daily smoke emission inventory as well as the injection altitude of smoke particles resulted in a significantly enhanced simulation of the observed aerosol concentrations and optical properties (Hodzic et al, 2007). Tressol et al (2008) showed that layers with enhanced CO and total odd nitrogen (NO y ) mixing ratios, advected from Portugal, were crossed by the MOZAIC aircraft in the free troposphere over Frankfurt. They concluded that during the period 16 July-31 August, European anthropogenic emissions present the strongest contribution to the measured CO levels in the lower troposphere (near 30%), followed by Portuguese forest fires.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Trigo et al (2005) analysed the spatial and temporal evolution of the summer heat wave at sub-monthly scale and found the strongest temperature and geopotential anomalies between the 1st and the 15th of August 2003. Tressol et al (2008) showed that MOZAIC aircraft profiles above Frankfurt in July-August 2003 present strong temperature anomalies (exceeding 4 • C) throughout the lower troposphere with respect to an 11-year MOZAIC climatology. Similarly to Trigo et al (2005), the highest positive anomalies of temperature and the strongest negative anomalies of both wind speed and relative humidity in the MOZAIC profiles were found for the period 2-14 August 2003, which they defined as the heat wave.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Smaller anomalies were found for the periods before (16-31 July 2003) and after (16-31 August 2003) the heat wave. The analysis of simulations carried out with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEX-PART indicate extended residence time of air parcels in the European boundary layer (Solberg et al, 2008), suppressed long-range transport in the mid-to lower troposphere and enhanced southern origin of air masses for all tropospheric levels during the heat wave period (Tressol et al, 2008). The unprecedented 2003 heat wave and in particular the first half of August had a major impact on excessive mortality rates throughout Europe.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Global model simulations of air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave

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Abstract. Three global Chemistry Transport Models -MOZART, MOCAGE, and TM5 -as well as MOZART coupled to the IFS meteorological model including assimilation of ozone (O 3 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) satellite column retrievals, have been compared to surface measurements and MOZAIC vertical profiles in the troposphere over Western/Central Europe for summer 2003. The models reproduce the meteorological features and enhancement of pollution during the period 2-14 August, but not fully the ozone and CO mixing ratios measured during that episode. Modified normalised mean biases are around −25% (except ∼5% for MOCAGE) in the case of ozone and from −80% to −30% for CO in the boundary layer above Frankfurt. The coupling and assimilation of CO columns from MOPITT overcomes some of the deficiencies in the treatment of transport, chemistry and emissions in MOZART, reducing the negative biases to around 20%. The high reactivity and small dry deposition velocities in MOCAGE seem to be responsible for the overestimation of O 3 in this model. Results from sensitivity simulations indicate that an increase of the horizontal Correspondence to: C. Ordóñez (carlos.ordonez@metoffice.gov.uk) resolution to around 1 • ×1 • and potential uncertainties in European anthropogenic emissions or in long-range transport of pollution cannot completely account for the underestimation of CO and O 3 found for most models. A process-oriented TM5 sensitivity simulation where soil wetness was reduced results in a decrease in dry deposition fluxes and a subsequent ozone increase larger than the ozone changes due to the previous sensitivity runs. However this latest simulation still underestimates ozone during the heat wave and overestimates it outside that period. Most probably, a combination of the mentioned factors together with underrepresented biogenic emissions in the models, uncertainties in the modelling of vertical/horizontal transport processes in the proximity of the boundary layer as well as limitations of the chemistry schemes are responsible for the underestimation of ozone (overestimation in the case of MOCAGE) and CO found in the models during this extreme pollution event.

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Section: Statistics Used For Model Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With O 3 and Co Profiles From Mozaicmentioning

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Global model simulations of air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave

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Developing climate‐smart restoration: Can plant microbiomes be hardened against heat waves?

Rubin

Koch

Martinez

et al. 2018

Ecological Applications

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Heat waves are increasing in frequency and intensity, presenting a challenge for the already difficult practice of ecological restoration. We investigated whether pre-heating locally sourced rhizosphere soil (inoculum) could acclimatize plants to a field-imposed heat wave in a restoration setting. Soil heating in the laboratory caused a marked shift in rhizosphere bacterial community composition, accompanied by an increase in species evenness. Furthermore, pre-heated rhizosphere soil reduced plant height, number of leaves, and shoot mass of the C grass, blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), and it reduced the shoot mass of the C grass, Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica) in the glasshouse. Following transplantation and the application of a field heat wave, pre-heated inoculum did not influence heat wave survival for either plant species. However, there were strong species-level responses to the field heat wave. For instance, heat wave survivorship was over four times higher in blue grama (92%) than in Arizona fescue (22%). These results suggest that the use of C seeds may be preferable for sites exhibiting high heat wave risk. Further research is needed to understand whether inocula are more effective in highly degraded soil in comparison with partially degraded soils.

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Satellite monitoring of summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area

Dousset

Gourmelon

Laaidi

et al. 2010

Intl Journal of Climatology

209

104

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Summer warming trends in Western Europe are increasing the incidence, intensity and duration of heat waves. They are especially deadly in large cities owing to population density, physical surface properties, anthropogenic heat and pollutants. In August 2003, for 9 consecutive days, the Paris metropolitan area experienced an extreme heat wave that caused 4867 estimated heat-related deaths. A set of 61 NOAA-AVHRR (advanced very high-resolution radiometer) images and one SPOT-high resolution visible (HRV) image were used to analyse the spatial variations of land surface temperature (LST) over the diurnal cycle during the heat wave. The LST patterns were markedly different between daytime and night-time. A heat island was centred downtown at night, whereas multiple temperature anomalies were scattered in the industrial suburbs during the day. The heat wave corresponded to elevated nocturnal LST compared to normal summers. The highest mortality ratios matched the spatial distribution of the highest night-time LSTs, but were not related to the highest daytime LSTs. LSTs were sampled from images at the addresses of 482 elderly people (half were deceased persons and half were control ones) to produce daily and cumulative minimal, maximal and mean thermal indicators, over various periods of time. These indicators were integrated into a conditional logistic regression model to test their use as heat exposure indicators, based on risk factors. Over the period 1-13 August, thermal indicators taking into account minimum nocturnal temperatures averaged over 7 days or over the whole period were significantly linked to mortality. These results show the extent of the spatial variability in urban climate variables and the impact of night-time temperatures on excess mortality. These results should be used to inform policy and contingency planning in relation to heat waves, and highlight the role that satellite remote sensing can play in documenting and preventing heat-related mortality.

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Air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave as seen by MOZAIC airliners

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Global model simulations of air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave

Global model simulations of air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave

Developing climate‐smart restoration: Can plant microbiomes be hardened against heat waves?

Satellite monitoring of summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area

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