Air pollution exposure and COVID-19: A look at mortality in Mexico City using individual-level data

López‐Feldman, Alejandro; Heres, David R.; Márquez‐Padilla, Fernanda

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143929

Cited by 95 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Another study conducted in the UK and using individual-level data found a positive association between exposure to NO 2 and Covid-19 mortality, while the association with PM 2.5 was uncertain [ 31 ]. Finally, a study conducted in Mexico City used patient-level data to estimate the effects of both long- and short-term exposure to PM 2.5 on Covid-19 mortality: evidences toward a positive relationship between PM 2.5 air pollution and the likelihood for an individual to die following Covid-19 infection did emerge; this relationship increased with age, and, although findings suggested that the association was mainly driven by long-term exposure, authors did not exclude that short-term exposure might also have an effect [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Pégoraro¹,

Heiman²,

Levante³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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Background Several studies have been focusing on the potential role of atmospheric pollutants in the diffusion and impact on health of Covid-19. This study’s objective was to estimate the association between ≤10 μm diameter particulate matter (PM10) exposure and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia due to Covid-19 using individual-level data in Italy. Methods Information on Covid-19 patients was retrieved from the Italian IQVIA® Longitudinal Patient Database (LPD), a computerized network of general practitioners (GPs) including anonymous data on patients’ consultations and treatments. All patients with a Covid-19 diagnosis during March 18th, 2020 – June 30th, 2020 were included in the study. The date of first Covid-19 registration was the starting point of the 3-month follow-up (Index Date). Patients were classified based on Covid-19-related pneumonia registrations on the Index date and/or during follow-up presence/absence. Each patient was assigned individual exposure by calculating average PM10 during the 30-day period preceding the Index Date, and according to GP’s office province. A multiple generalized linear mixed model, mixed-effects logistic regression, was used to assess the association between PM10 exposure tertiles and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia. Results Among 6483 Covid-19 patients included, 1079 (16.6%) had a diagnosis of pneumonia. Pneumonia patients were older, more frequently men, more health-impaired, and had a higher individual-level exposure to PM10 during the month preceding Covid-19 diagnosis. The mixed-effects model showed that patients whose PM10 exposure level fell in the second tertile had a 30% higher likelihood of having pneumonia than that of first tertile patients, and the risk for those who were in the third tertile was almost doubled. Conclusion The consistent findings toward a positive association between PM10 levels and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia due to Covid-19 make the implementation of new strategies to reduce air pollution more and more urgent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Pégoraro¹,

Heiman²,

Levante³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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“…[58][59][60] Initial investigations using limited individuallevel data also point to an increase of approximately 7% in mortality rate for each additional 1 µg/m 3 in longterm PM 2.5 exposure. 61 While high-quality representative individual-level data remain scarce, this rapidly evolving body of literature suggests that air pollutants may exacerbate the severity of COVID-19, especially in the presence…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient air pollution and risk of respiratory infection among adults: evidence from the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

et al. 2021

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BackgroundAir pollution may affect the risk of respiratory infection, though research has focused on uncommon infections or infections in children. Whether ambient air pollutants increase the risk of common acute respiratory infections among adults is uncertain, yet this may help understand whether pollutants influence spread of pandemic respiratory infections like COVID-19.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between ambient air pollutant exposures and respiratory infections in adults.MethodsDuring five study examinations over 12 years, 6536 participants in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) reported upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, pneumonia or febrile illness in the preceding 2 weeks. Using a validated spatiotemporal model, we estimated residential concentrations of ambient PM2.5, NOx and NO2 for the 2–6 weeks (short-term) and year (long-term) prior to each examination.ResultsIn this population aged 44–84 years at baseline, 10%–32% of participants reported a recent respiratory infection, depending on month of examination and study region. PM2.5, NOx and NO2 concentrations over the prior 2–6 weeks were associated with increased reporting of recent respiratory infection, with risk ratios (95% CIs) of 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09), 1.15 (1.10 to 1.20) and 1.21 (1.10 to 1.33), respectively, per increase from 25th to 75th percentile in residential pollutant concentration.ConclusionHigher short-term exposure to PM2.5 and traffic-related pollutants are associated with increased risk of symptomatic acute respiratory infections among adults. These findings may provide an insight into the epidemiology of COVID-19.

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“…1288 counties reporting Covid 19 deaths up to 4/22/20 1/2020 to 4/22/20 A 1-μg/m 3 PM 2.5 increase is associated with a 8% increase in Covid 19 death rates (95% CI 2 to 15%). Death rates adjusted for 20 covariate factors including population size/density, age distribution, time of start and stay at home orders, weather, Covid 19 testing, smoking, obesity, and socioeconomic factors PM 2.5 (Stieb et al 2020 ) Canada 111 regions covering most of country 73,390 cases average rate 208 cases/100,000—case rates highest in Quebec (489/100,000) and lowest in Nunavut (0/100,000) and NW Territories (12/100,00) Up to 5/13/20 A 1-μg/m 3 increase is associated with 7% more Covid 19 cases (95% CI 0.97–1.18) adjusted for a number of factors including weather, % Black population, age distribution, and economic and medical factors PM 2.5 (Zhu et al 2020 ) 120 cities all over China Over 58,000 cases in 120 cities comprising about 70% China’s population 1/23/20 to 2/29/20 A 10-μg/m 3 PM 2.5 increase is associated with 2.24% increase cases (95% CI 1.02 to 3.46%), 0–14-day lag PM 2.5 (Sahoo 2021 ) 288 districts in India covering 65% India’s total Covid 19 cases 21,700 cases India to 4/23/20 with about 65% in study region 1/23/20 to 4/23/20 A 10-μg/m 3 increase is associated with a 2.21% more cases (95% CI 1.13 to 3.29) PM 2.5 (Meo et al 2021b ) London, England—not clear whether it means central London or metro area Median 168 cases and 4 deaths per day over a 253 day period 2/24/20 to 11/2/20 A 1-μg/m 3 PM 2.5 increase is associated with 1.1% increase in Covid 19 cases and 2.3% increase in Covid 19 deaths ( p < 0.001, both cases) PM 2.5 (Zheng et al 2021 ) China 81,132 Covid 19 cases 50,783 cases in Wuhan 12/31/19 to 3/6/20 A 10-μg/m 3 PM 2.5 increase is associated with 32.3% increase in Covid 19 cases (95% CI 22.4–42.4% ) adjusted for socioeconomic and social mobility factors PM 2.5 (López-Feldman et al 2021 ) Mexico City 14 out of 16 municipalities 21,000+ Covid 19 deaths Mexico City up to 10/28/20 Up till 10/...…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM2.5, NO2, wildfires, and other environmental exposures are linked to higher Covid 19 incidence, severity, and death rates

Curtis

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Numerous studies have linked outdoor levels of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 , and other air pollutants to significantly higher rates of Covid 19 morbidity and mortality, although the rate in which specific concentrations of pollutants increase Covid 19 morbidity and mortality varies widely by specific country and study. As little as a 1-μg/m 3 increase in outdoor PM 2.5 is estimated to increase rates of Covid 19 by as much as 0.22 to 8%. Two California studies have strongly linked heavy wildfire burning periods with significantly higher outdoor levels of PM 2.5 and CO as well as significantly higher rates of Covid 19 cases and deaths. Active smoking has also been strongly linked significantly increased risk of Covid 19 severity and death. Other exposures possibly related to greater risk of Covid 19 morbidity and mortality include incense, pesticides, heavy metals, dust/sand, toxic waste sites, and volcanic emissions. The exact mechanisms in which air pollutants increase Covid 19 infections are not fully understood, but are probably related to pollutant-related oxidation and inflammation of the lungs and other tissues and to the pollutant-driven alternation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in respiratory and other cells.

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Air pollution exposure and COVID-19: A look at mortality in Mexico City using individual-level data

Cited by 95 publications

References 15 publications

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Ambient air pollution and risk of respiratory infection among adults: evidence from the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

PM2.5, NO2, wildfires, and other environmental exposures are linked to higher Covid 19 incidence, severity, and death rates

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