Air pollution from traffic in city districts near major motorways

Roorda-Knape, Mirjam C.; Janssen, Nicole; Hartog, Jeroen J. de; Vliet, Patricia H.N. Van; Harssema, H.; Brunekreef, Bert

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00496-2

Cited by 258 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Distances were calculated separately for freeways and major urban roads. A study conducted near two Dutch freeways showed that the largest contrast in concentration of NO 2 and BS occurred within the first 100 m from the freeway ( Roorda - Knape et al, 1998 ). Based on this observation, subjects living within 100 m from a freeway were considered to be exposed, whereas subjects living more than 100 m away from the freeway were considered as unexposed from the specific freeway emissions.…”

Section: Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quantitative estimate for living near a freeway was made by calculating the average contribution of the two studied freeways to the NO 2 and BS concentration at 50 m using the concentration -distance data from Roorda -Knape et al ( 1998 ). The contribution from major inner-city roads was based upon the difference measured between major roads and small side streets in Amsterdam .…”

Section: Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the regional and urban scale, we have used residence only to define the geographic position and assign quantitative concentrations based upon actual measurements. For the local scale, measurements have documented that proximity to a major road is related to increased concentrations of NO 2 and BS ( Roorda -Knape et al, 1998;Fischer et al, 2000 ). One clear limitation that does apply is that we have assumed that everyone who lives close to any major road is exposed to the same concentrations.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

Hoek

Fischer

Brandt

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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138

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Recent prospective cohort studies have suggested that long -term exposure to low levels of particulate matter ( PM ) air pollution is associated with increased mortality due to, especially, cardio -pulmonary disease. Exposure to ambient air pollution was estimated mostly as city average concentrations, assuming homogenous exposure within the city. We used an ongoing cohort study -The Netherlands Cohort Study ( NLCS ) on diet and cancer -to investigate the relationship between traffic -related air pollution and mortality. The baseline data collection took place in 1986. A study was conducted to develop methods for exposure assessment and evaluate the contrast in exposure to air pollution within the cohort. Assessment of long -term exposure to two traffic -related air pollutants, Black Smoke ( BS ) and Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO 2 ) , consisted of separate estimation of regional background, urban background, and local traffic contributions at the home address. Interpolation of concentration data from a routine monitoring network was used to estimate the regional background concentration. A regression model relating degree of urbanization to air pollution was used to allow for differences between different towns / neighborhoods of cities. Distance to major roads was calculated to characterize local traffic contributions, using a Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . Interpolation resulted in reasonably precise regional background estimation when distant sites were not used and distance squared was used as the weight. Cross -validation showed that prediction errors were about 15% of the range in regional background concentration. Urban and local scales contributed significantly to the contrast within the cohort. Prediction errors for estimating the urban background were about 25% of the range in background concentrations. When the developed model was applied to the study cohort, there was substantial contrast in estimated exposure to BS and NO 2 . About 90% of the study population lived 10 years or more at its 1986 home address -supporting the use of the estimated concentration at the 1986 address as a relevant exposure variable.

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Section: Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitations Of the Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

Hoek

Fischer

Brandt

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

Self Cite

138

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“…Several studies have demonstrated higher levels of several traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) closer to roadways. [24][25][26][27][28] As compared with more aged emissions, fresh traffic emissions include larger amounts of UFP, which are strongly oxidative and may be particularly toxic, 29 black BC, CO, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are all elevated near highways with measurably significant declines beyond 200 m. 1 Evidence shows TRAP elevated near roadways with at least 30,000 vehicles per day, though some evidence suggests that roadways with lesser volumes may also generate pollution gradients with significant health effects. 1 Residential proximity to high traffic roads and dense road networks have been linked to asthma, 7,30-32 respiratory symptoms, 33 and reduced lung function in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Rationale For Using Surrogate Methods For Characterizing Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Urban Traffic Exposures Using Transportation Planning Tools: An Illustrated Methodology for Health Researchers

et al. 2010

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Exposure to elevated levels of vehicular traffic has been associated with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory health effects in a range of populations, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, diabetes, obesity, and genetic susceptibilities. As these relationships become clearer, public health officials will need to have access to methods to identify areas of concern in terms of elevated traffic levels and susceptible populations. This paper briefly reviews current approaches for characterizing traffic exposure and then presents a detailed method that can be employed by public health officials and other researchers in performing screening assessments to define areas of potential concern within a particular locale and, with appropriate caveats, in epidemiologic studies examining traffic-related health impacts at the intra-urban scale. The method is based on two exposure parameters extensively used in numerous epidemiologic studies of traffic and health-proximity to high traffic roadways and overall traffic density. The method is demonstrated with publically available information on susceptible populations, traffic volumes, and Traffic Analysis Zones, a transportation planning tool long used by Metropolitan Planning Agencies and planners across the USA but presented here as a new application which can be used to spatially assess possible traffic-related impacts on susceptible populations. Recommendations are provided for the appropriate use of this methodology, along with its limitations.

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“…Traffic emissions are composed of a complex mixture of particulate and volatile air pollutants on one hand and noise on the other. Levels of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides as well as volatile compounds including aldehydes and hydrocarbons are significantly elevated in traffic environments (Roorda-Knape et al, 1998;Zhu et al, 2002;Riediker et al, 2003;Kaur et al, 2007;Beckerman et al, 2008). An important air pollution compound in regard to health effects is the particulate fraction originating from engine exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and road surface abrasion (Riediker et al, 2004;Thorpe and Harrison, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Highway Maintenance Workers to Fine Particulate Matter and Noise

Meier

Cascio

Danuser

et al. 2013

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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in this study, we assessed the mixed exposure of highway maintenance workers to airborne particles, noise, and gaseous co-pollutants. the aim was to provide a better understanding of the workers' exposure to facilitate the evaluation of short-term effects on cardiovascular health endpoints. to quantify the workers' exposure, we monitored 18 subjects during 50 nonconsecutive work shifts. Exposure assessment was based on personal and work site measurements and included fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), particle number concentration (PNC), noise (leq), and the gaseous co-pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. Mean work shift PM 2.5 concentrations (gravimetric measurements) ranged from 20.3 to 321 μg m −3 (mean 62 μg m −3 ) and PNC were between 1.6 × 10 4 and 4.1 × 10 5 particles cm −3 (8.9 × 10 4 particles cm −3 ). Noise levels were generally high with leq over work shifts from 73.3 to 96.0 dB(a); the averaged leq over all work shifts was 87.2 dB(a). the highest exposure to fine and ultrafine particles was measured during grass mowing and lumbering when motorized brush cutters and chain saws were used. Highest noise levels, caused by pneumatic hammers, were measured during paving and guardrail repair. We found moderate spearman correlations between PNC and PM 2.5 (r = 0.56); PNC, PM 2.5 , and Co (r = 0.60 and r = 0.50) as well as PNC and noise (r = 0.50). Variability and correlation of parameters were influenced by work activities that included equipment causing combined air pollutant and noise emissions (e.g. brush cutters and chain saws). We conclude that highway maintenance workers are frequently exposed to elevated airborne particle and noise levels compared with the average population. this elevated exposure is a consequence of the permanent proximity to highway traffic with additional peak exposures caused by emissions of the work-related equipment.

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Air pollution from traffic in city districts near major motorways

Cited by 258 publications

References 21 publications

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

Characterizing Urban Traffic Exposures Using Transportation Planning Tools: An Illustrated Methodology for Health Researchers

Exposure of Highway Maintenance Workers to Fine Particulate Matter and Noise

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