Air Quality, Biomarker Levels, and Health Effects on Staff in Korean Restaurants and Pubs Before and After a Smoking Ban

Kim, Jeong-Hoon; Kwon, Ho-Jang; Lee, Kiyoung; Lee, Do‐Hoon; Paek, Yu‐Jin; Kim, Sung‐Soo; Sung-Hwa, Hong; Lim, W.J.; Heo, Jae-Hyeok; Kim, Kyoosang

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv012

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in bars of different sizes were measured before the regulation (April–June 2013) and after the regulation of bars ≥150 m 2 (August–September 2013) (Seoul, n = 75) [18], bars ≥100 m 2 (July–December 2014) (Seoul, n = 76; Changwon, n = 33) [19], and all bars (July–October 2015) (Seoul, n = 58; Changwon, n = 21). Data from two Changwon bars in 2014 were excluded due to misclassification of bar size.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Data published in Kim et al [18]; b Data published in Kim et al [19]; GM: geometric mean; GSD: geometric standard deviation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2013, indoor PM 2.5 concentrations were measured before and after the ban in Seoul bars ≥150 m 2 [18]. While indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in bars <150 m 2 did not change, the geometric mean (GM) of indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in the bars ≥150 m 2 ( n = 34) decreased by 41%, from 93.2 to 55.3 μg/m 3 , 1 month after implementation of the ban.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our first study, we evaluated indoor air quality in bars ≥150 and <150 m 2 pre- and post-regulation of bars ≥150 m 2 in 2013 [18]. Then, we compared indoor air quality in bars 100–149 and <100 m 2 when the regulation was applied to bars ≥100 m 2 in 2014 [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars

Kim

Ban

Hwang

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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In Korea, smoke-free regulations have been gradually implemented in bars based on venue size. Smoking bans were implemented in 2013 for bars ≥150 m2, in 2014 for bars ≥100 m2, and in 2015 for bars of all sizes. The purpose of this study was to determine indoor fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations in bars before and after implementation of the smoke-free policies based on venue size. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured with real-time aerosol monitors at four time points: (1) pre-regulation (n = 75); (2) after implementing the ban in bars ≥150 m2 (n = 75); (3) after implementing the ban in bars ≥100 m2 (n = 107); and (4) when all bars were smoke-free (n = 79). Our results showed that the geometric mean of the indoor PM2.5 concentrations of all bars decreased from 98.4 μg/m3 pre-regulation to 79.5, 42.9, and 26.6 μg/m3 after the ban on smoking in bars ≥150 m2, ≥100 m2, and all bars, respectively. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in bars of each size decreased only after the corresponding regulations were implemented. Although smoking was not observed in Seoul bars after smoking was banned in all bars, smoking was observed in 4 of 21 bars in Changwon. Our study concludes that the greatest decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in bars was observed after the regulation covering all bars was implemented. However, despite the comprehensive ban, smoking was observed in bars in Changwon. Strict compliance with the regulations is needed to improve indoor air quality further.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Data published in Kim et al [18]; b Data published in Kim et al [19]; GM: geometric mean; GSD: geometric standard deviation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars

Kim

Ban

Hwang

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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“…This study used data from a previous study that assessed air quality and biomarker levels in non-smoking staff members at restaurants and bars before and after the implementation of Korean smoke-free regulations [21]. The data in this study were, therefore, collected before the implementation of smoke-free regulations in restaurants and bars (April and June 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Secondhand Smoke in Hospitality Venues and Urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol Concentrations in Non-Smoking Staff

Kim

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations in non-smoking staff and the indoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5) in hospitality venues that allow smoking, with respect to demographic and indoor environmental factors. We evaluated 62 hospitality venues that allowed smoking in Seoul, Korea. A real-time aerosol monitor was used to measure indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Field technicians recorded indoor environmental characteristics. One non-smoking staff member in each hospitality venue was tested for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations. Demographic characteristics were obtained from self-reported staff questionnaires. Natural-log (ln)-transformed PM2.5 concentrations were significantly correlated with the ln-transformed cotinine (r = 0.31) and the total NNAL concentrations (r = 0.32). In multivariable regression analysis, the urinary cotinine concentrations of the staff members were significantly correlated with indoor PM2.5 concentrations; those with the highest concentrations were more likely to be women or staff members that worked in venues with a volume <375 m3. Total NNAL concentrations were significantly correlated only with indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Indoor PM2.5 may be used as an indicator for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations in non-smoking staff members in hospitality venues that allow smoking.

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Evaluation of Population-Level Tobacco Control Interventions and Health Outcomes

et al. 2023

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ImportanceSmoking causes considerable noncommunicable diseases, perinatal morbidity, and mortality.ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of population-level tobacco-control policies with health outcomes.Data SourcesPubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and EconLit were searched from inception to March 2021 (updated on 1 March 2022). References were manually searched.Study SelectionStudies reporting on associations of population-level tobacco control policies with health-related outcomes were included. Data were analyzed from May to July 2022.Data Extraction and SynthesisData were extracted by 1 investigator and cross-checked by a second investigator. Analyses were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were respiratory system disease (RSD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, mortality, hospitalization, and health care utilization. The secondary outcomes were adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.ResultsOf 4952 records identified, 144 population-level studies were included in the final analysis; 126 studies (87.5%) were of high or moderate quality. The most frequently reported policies were smoke-free legislation (126 studies), followed by tax or price increases (14 studies), multicomponent tobacco control programs (12 studies), and a minimum cigarette purchase age law (1 study). Smoke-free legislation was associated with decreased risk of all CVD events (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94), RSD events (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.96), hospitalization due to CVD or RSD (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95), and adverse birth outcomes (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96). These associations persisted in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses, except for the country income category, for which a significant reduction was only observed in high-income countries. In meta-analysis, there was no clear association of tax or price increases with adverse health outcomes. However, for the narrative synthesis, all 8 studies reported statistically significant associations between tax increases and decreases in adverse health events.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, smoke-free legislation was associated with significant reductions in morbidity and mortality related to CVD, RSD, and perinatal outcomes. These findings support the need to accelerate the implementation of smoke-free laws to protect populations against smoking-related harm.

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Air Quality, Biomarker Levels, and Health Effects on Staff in Korean Restaurants and Pubs Before and After a Smoking Ban

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars

Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars

Association between Secondhand Smoke in Hospitality Venues and Urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol Concentrations in Non-Smoking Staff

Evaluation of Population-Level Tobacco Control Interventions and Health Outcomes

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