The three stations in this area are located within major cities. Two are in Jakarta, the largest city in Indonesia, previously identified as having high air pollution from traffic. The stations are located in central Jakarta at the curbside, and in a commercial area (Suhadi et al., 2005). In the same gridcell, a third ozone monitor is located in Bandung, the third largest city in Indonesia, which also suffers from poor air quality. The city is surrounded by volcanic mountains which can trap air and worsen air quality (Setyawati et al., 2022). The station is on top of a three-storey building near roads with heavy traffic (Komala et al., 1996).
Bukit Koto TabangThis station is located in remote tropical rainforest as part of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) programme (Utami et al., 2021).
WatukosekThis is a rural station on eastern Java Island in the outskirts of Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia. The station is 50 m above mean sea level on the slope of a small hill. The surrounding area includes coast (20 km away) and trees (Komala et al., 1996), and is likely to be influenced by regional biomass burning (Adedeji et al., 2020).
DarwinThese stations are located in Winnellie and in the satellite city of Palmerston. They are primarily to monitor urban air pollution. The city is coastal.
DaintreeThis station is located in the James Cook University's Daintree Rainforest Observatory in the Australian Wet Tropics of northeast Queensland. The station is surrounded by rainforest. The surrounding area is coastal and lowland but adjacent to upland rainforest and mountain.
PanamaThe station is situated on a 16 km 2 island of Barro Colorado in Panama. The site is surrounded by lowland tropical rainforest.
BogotáA network (RMCAB) of stations spanning urban Bogotá. Additionally, 2 stations from Medellín and