Air-Sea Interaction in the Bay of Bengal

Weller, Robert A.; Farrar, J. Thomas; Buckley, Jared; Mathew, Simi; Venkatesan, R.; Lekha, J. Sree; Chaudhuri, Dipanjan; Kumar, Naresh; Kumar, Bipin

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.36

Cited by 68 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The analysis in Figure a shows that the observed TCHP is larger during the pre‐monsoon season (∼77–100 kJ/cm 2 ) than that in the post‐monsoon season (∼50–72 kJ/cm 2 ). These high TCHP values during the pre‐monsoon season may be attributed to the strong insolation and cloud‐free skies (Vissa et al ., ; Weller et al ., ). Contrastingly, the BLT is smaller during the pre‐monsoon (∼12–17 m) as compared to the post‐monsoon season (∼22–33 m), owing to the large cooling (in terms of negative TCHPA) in the pre‐monsoon season (refer to Figure c–f).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The response of ocean parameters to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal

Busireddy

Ankur

Osuri

et al. 2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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The Bay of Bengal (BoB) exhibits notable seasonal variations in tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP), barrier layer thickness (BLT) and sea‐surface temperature (SST). These parameters also undergo profound changes in the presence of tropical cyclones (TCs). The composite structures of these ocean parameters as a function of the season of TC formation, intensity, and translation speed are unknown and are developed in the present study. Composite structures are examined based on 1,222 instantaneous samples from 83 TCs during 2003–2016 using INCOIS‐GODAS analyses. A BLT of 10–30 m and TCHP of 40–80 kJ/cm2 favours TC intensification in the central BoB. The multivariate regression of BLT and TCHP appears to be better for TC intensity up to 64 knots and is highly underestimated for the stronger TCs (>64 knots). The TC right‐rear sector experiences significant changes in TCHP anomaly (TCHPA) as the intensity increases. The TCHPA ranges ∼10–15, ∼20–25 and ∼25–30 kJ/cm2 when a TC is at Cyclone Storm (CS), Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) and Very SCS (VSCS) stages respectively. The maximum TCHPA is generally aligned along the TC track during the post‐monsoon season. Slow‐moving TCs produce maximum TCHPA cooling of ∼20 kJ/cm2 within 250 km storm radius in the rear sector, while it is less and away from the storm centre for normal and fast‐movers. The seasonal changes showed opposite relations between BLT and TCHP from pre‐ to post‐monsoon seasons during the TC intensification. TC‐induced SST cooling is maximum (∼0.5–1.2 °C) in the inner core for the strong (VSCS and above) and slow‐moving TCs. The cooling decreases with an increase in the translation speed and is more pronounced in the pre‐monsoon season. This study provides a baseline to verify and understand the limitations of the models, and also develop a climatological perspective of BoB TCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The response of ocean parameters to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal

Busireddy

Ankur

Osuri

et al. 2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…Other methods for validating rainfall across different platforms include exploiting known relationships between rainfall and other physical parameters. For instance, moored buoy observations in the Bay of Bengal indicate that the response of SST to the overlying atmosphere is fast and related to the intraseasonal variability of the monsoon (Sengupta et al, ; Sengupta and Ravichandran, ; Lucas et al, ; Weller et al, ). Similar results are found from TOGA COARE buoy observations (Anderson and Weller, ; Feng et al, ).…”

Section: Indirect Rainfall Estimation and Validation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation measurements from the Tropical Moored Array: A review and look ahead

Serra

2018

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Rainfall is an important component of the global climate system and is one of the essential climate variables (ECVs) highlighted in the implementation plan for the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Over 75% of the world's rainfall occurs over open ocean where in situ observations are most sparse. While current satellite algorithms for estimating rainfall have improved considerably over the past few decades, validation of these products using in situ observations remains critical for meeting the requirements of an ECV. This article reviews the current status of continuous, high‐frequency open‐ocean rainfall measurements collected across the tropical Pacific from the Tropical Moored Array (TMA) and outlines upcoming challenges as well as opportunities for these measurements under the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) 2020 Project now underway. The rainfall observations from the TMA now provide over a 15‐year record at some sites; however, these observations have been drastically reduced in recent years. As the TPOS is reassessed in light of new platforms for observing ocean and atmospheric state variables, this is an opportune time to review the TMA rainfall observations and their important place in the redesign of the TMA as a “full flux” platform, measuring all interfacial fluxes including radiation and rainfall, as well as momentum, latent and sensible heat fluxes.

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“…Atmospheric conditions varied from clear-sky strong solar heating to persistent cooling, as measured at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) air-sea buoy at 18°N, 89°E (Weller et al, 2016, in 89°00'E 88°30'E 89°30'E 90°00'E by 0.2°C compared to the northern float in the upper 15 m (density less than 1,019 kg m -3 ). Temperature and salinity were similar at depth (for water with potential density greater than 1,021.3 kg m -3 ), so that generally the salinity (density) stratification was greater to the north.…”

Section: Upper-ocean Salinity and Temperature Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Upper-Ocean Temperature Structure by Subsurface Mixing in the Presence of Strong Salinity Stratification

Rudnick¹,

Farrar²,

Lim³

et al. 2016

Oceanog

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structure that is, in places, characterized by strong salinity stratification and multiple inversions in temperature. Here, two short time series from continuously profiling floats, equipped with microstructure sensors to measure subsurface mixing, are used to highlight implications of complex hydrography on upper-ocean heat content and the evolution of sea surface temperature. Weak mixing coupled with the existence of subsurface warm layers suggest the potential for storage of heat below the surface mixed layer over relatively long time scales. On the diurnal time scale, these data demonstrate the competing effects of surface heat flux and subsurface mixing in the presence of thin salinity-stratified mixed layers with temperature inversions. Pre-existing stratification can amplify the sea surface temperature response through control on the vertical extent of heating and cooling by surface fluxes. In contrast, subsurface mixing entrains relatively cool water during the day and relatively warm water during the night, damping the response to daytime heating and nighttime cooling at the surface. These observations hint at the challenges involved in improving monsoon prediction at longer, intraseasonal time scales as models may need to resolve upper-ocean variability over short time and fine vertical scales.

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Air-Sea Interaction in the Bay of Bengal

Abstract: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution surface mooring with ORV Sagar Nidhi in the background.

Cited by 68 publications

References 24 publications

The response of ocean parameters to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal

The response of ocean parameters to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal

Precipitation measurements from the Tropical Moored Array: A review and look ahead

Modification of Upper-Ocean Temperature Structure by Subsurface Mixing in the Presence of Strong Salinity Stratification

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