Air Traffic Control Service Quality Perceptions of Domestic Airline Pilots in Turkey

Thermodynamic and optical properties of HCOOH(H2O)n and HCOOH(NH3)(H2O)(n−1) clusters at various temperatures and pressures: a computational study

“…As the number of water molecules increases, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases, causing larger exothermic enthalpy values (DH B ), as seen in Fig. 5 73 The binding Gibbs free energies (DG B ) of the most stable binary F(W) n and ternary F(A)(W) nÀ1 (n = 1-8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20) clusters are calculated using the M06-2X/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory at atmospherically relevant temperatures (T) and pressures (P) (from T = 298.15 K, P = 1013.25 hPa to T = 216.65 K, P = 226.32 hPa). Eqn ( 12) and ( 13) were used to calculate the binding free energies of F(W) n and F(A)(W) nÀ1 (n = 1-8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20) clusters and the successive binding free energies (DG n ) of the F(W) n (n = 1-8) cluster respectively.…”

Future Projection and Uncertainty Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy in China Based on an Ensemble of CORDEX‐EA‐II Regional Climate Simulations

“…Wind power density (WPD) is commonly used to quantify the potential wind energy resources, and is expressed as (Manwell et al., 2010): $$$WPD=\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{3}$$$ where ρ and V are the air density (kg·m −3 ) and wind speed (m·s −1 ) at the turbine hub height, respectively, which typically ranges from 50 to 100 m. In this study, we use the wind speed at 100 m to calculate WPD, and the wind speed at 100 m is obtained from the 10 m wind speed using the power law (Cavcar, 2000; Peterson & Hennessey, 1978): $$$\frac{V}{{V}_{r}}={\left(\frac{Z}{{Z}_{r}}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{7}}$$$ where V is the wind speed (m·s −1 ) at height z (m), and V r is the known wind speed at a reference height Z r (m; here refers to 10 m). Moreover, considering that ρ is a function of height Z and temperature, we estimated it following dos Santos Custódio (2009) and Sawadogo, Reboita, et al.…”

“…where ρ and V are the air density (kg•m 3 ) and wind speed (m•s 1 ) at the turbine hub height, respectively, which typically ranges from 50 to 100 m. In this study, we use the wind speed at 100 m to calculate WPD, and the wind speed at 100 m is obtained from the 10 m wind speed using the power law (Cavcar, 2000;Peterson & Hennessey, 1978):…”

Linear Theory of Hypersonic Shocks Interacting with Turbulence in Air

“…Maximum wave angle βmax in the limit of regular reflection as a function of preshock Mach number M1 for an air mixture (78% N2, 21% O2, and 1% Ar) in the atmosphere at different flight altitudes (0, 15, and 30 km) above sea level in the ISA model (see panel b); solid line: calorically imperfect gas with dissociation/ionization; dashed: calorically imperfect gas with frozen chemistry; dotted: calorically perfect gas. Figure 2.9 represents the maximum incidence angle β 3,max for regular shock reflections as a function of the pre-shock Mach number M 1 for three atmospheric conditions corresponding to increasing flight altitudes in the ISA model [178] [see panel (b)]. Results are presented for the three gas models defined above i), ii), and iii).…”