Air-Water Communication and Sensing with Light

Carver, Charles J.; Zhao, Tian; Shao, Qijia; Zhang, Hongyong; Odame, Kofi; Li, Alberto Quattrini; Zhou, Xia

doi:10.1109/comsnets53615.2022.9668473

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…They do not suffer from the oscillations a small drone would in flight. Lastly, a few studies have looked at the intersections of VLC and drones in underwater communication [13], [14]. Sunflower, in particular, is relevant to our work because they use drones to localize underwater robots using backscattering links.…”

Section: B State-of-the-art Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DroneVLC: Exploiting Drones and VLC to Gather Data from Batteryless Sensors

Groot

Zamalloa

2023

2023 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom)

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We explore a new alternative for drones to gather information from sensors. Instead of using the traditional radiofrequency spectrum, whose broadcast nature makes it more difficult to poll specific objects, we utilize the light spectrum. In our system, the drone carries a light, and flies to an area that it is interested in polling. Only the sensor (tag) under the coverage of the light sends data back by backscattering the impinging light waves. Enabling this system poses two challenges. First, a reliable modulation method with light is required. The method must overcome noise dynamics introduced by the drone (mechanical oscillations), the object (backscattering effects) and the environment (interference from ambient light). Second, to facilitate the deployment of tags in pervasive applications, the design of the tag should be battery-less and have a small surface area. These requirements limit the amount of power available for reception, transmission and sensing, since the energy harvested by solar cells is proportional to their surface area. Regarding the first challenge, we show that the amplitude-based modulation methods used in state-of-the-art studies do not work in our scenario, and investigate instead a frequency-based approach. For the second challenge, we optimize the computation, reception and transmission of the tag to create a battery-less design that operates with frequency-modulated signals generated from light. We build a prototype for the drone and the tag, and test them under different lighting scenarios: dark, indoors, and outdoors with sunlight. The results show that, under standard indoor lighting, our system can attain a polling range of 1.1 m with a data rate of 120 bps, while the tag operates with small solar cells and consumes less than 1 mW.

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Section: B State-of-the-art Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DroneVLC: Exploiting Drones and VLC to Gather Data from Batteryless Sensors

Groot

Zamalloa

2023

2023 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom)

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“…Moreover, the deployment of these nodes has many significant limitations, encompassing logistical constraints, cost, and security risks. Cross-medium Communication: Visible light communication (VLC), i.e., free-space optics, is a viable option for forming direct air-water links [13], and can achieve a high data rate within underwater depth of a few meters [14]- [16]. However, these light beams scatter quickly in water and cannot support long-haul communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Focusing-Based Adaptive Modulation for Air-to-Underwater Optoacoustic Communication

Mahmud,

Younis,

Choa

et al. 2024

IEEE Sensors J.

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“…Sangeetha et al [5] used a 635 nm laser diode with an output power of 4.8 mW (placed beneath a glass water tank) to transmit to a silicon photo detector (located 0.5 meter above the water surface), where the 1.81 (L) × 0.3 (W) × 0.52 (H) m 3 glass tank was filled with water of 0.3 m depth, and achieved a bit error rate (BER) of 10 −3 at a baud rate of up to 110 Kbps. Carver et al [6] carried out experiments in a swimming pool using a 140 mW green laser to transmit from 6.5 meters above the water to an ultrasonic sensor array 2.5 meters beneath the water surface and achieved a data rate of 5.03 Mbps with zero BER. However, laser light transmission has a very high directivity and requires the transmitter and receiver to be precisely aligned, which is difficult to realize in practical air-to-water communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Consumption Minimization of Air to Water Visible Light Communications

Du¹,

Liu²,

Chu³

2023

Preprint

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<p>As offshore industries and the Internet of underwater things (IoUT) continue to expand, air-to-water communication is needed to connect various underwater sensors and things to the outside world. Visible light communication (VLC) has the potential to provide higher data rates and longer transmission distances than radio frequency and other air-to-water communication techniques. This paper presents an air-to-water VLC system where a light emitting diode (LED) transmitter carried by a hovering unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) transmits data to an underwater receiver. We minimize the UAV energy consumption that includes both LED transmission and UAV propulsion energy consumption by optimizing the LED transmit power while guaranteeing that the average received signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the underwater receiver is above the required SNR. Simulation results show that our optimized LED transmit power reduces the total UAV energy consumption by up to 46% as compared to the benchmark schemes without increasing the transmission time for a given data volume.</p>

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Air-Water Communication and Sensing with Light

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

DroneVLC: Exploiting Drones and VLC to Gather Data from Batteryless Sensors

DroneVLC: Exploiting Drones and VLC to Gather Data from Batteryless Sensors

Optical Focusing-Based Adaptive Modulation for Air-to-Underwater Optoacoustic Communication

Energy Consumption Minimization of Air to Water Visible Light Communications

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