Airbag deployment–related eye injuries

Koisaari, Tapio; Leivo, Tiina; Sahraravand, Ahmad; Haavisto, Anna-Kaisa; Sulander, Pekka; Tervo, Timo

doi:10.1080/15389588.2016.1271945

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Considering the rare occurrence of airbag-related eye injuries, if the restraint system was used appropriately [14], our results seem consistent with the rarity of serious ocular blunt injury caused by airbag impact. However, the present result that the cornea and sclera might suffer considerable strain that might result in laceration of the eyeball at higher impact velocities (50 or 60 m/s) emphasized the necessity of wearing a seatbelt or eye protection, such as glasses, to prevent serious ocular injury especially in high-risk populations, such as short-stature persons or small children in the passenger seat.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…An airbag impact can result in severe ocular damage, significant loss of vision, and, in extreme cases, complete loss of the eye [4]. Ocular injuries caused by airbags have been widely reported in the literature [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], and most injuries require immediate emergency surgery and numerous follow-up surgeries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite element analysis of changes in tensile strain and deformation by airbag impact in eyes of various axial lengths

et al. 2022

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Purpose Airbags have substantially reduced mortality and morbidity, while ocular injuries caused by airbags have been reported. We applied a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model we have established for evaluation of the deformation of an intact eyeball of various axial lengths induced by an airbag impact at various impact velocities. Methods A model human eye we have created was used in simulations with an FEA program, PAM-GENERIS™ (Nihon ESI, Tokyo, Japan). The airbag was set to impact eyes with various axial lengths of 21.85 mm (hyperopia), 23.85 mm (emmetropia) and 25.85 mm (myopia), at initial velocities of 30, 40, 50 and 60 m/s. Changes in the shape of the eye and the strain induced were calculated. Deformation of the eye in a cross-sectional view was displayed sequentially in slow motion. Results We found that considerable damage, such as corneal or scleral lacerations, was observed especially at higher impact velocities, such as 50 or 60 m/s, in eyes with any axial length. Deformation was most evident in the anterior segment. The decrease rate of axial length was greatest in the hyperopic eye, followed by the myopic eye, and the emmetropic eye. Conclusions It was shown that hyperopic eyes are most susceptible to deformation by an airbag impact in this simulation. The considerable deformation by an airbag impact on the eye during a traffic accident shown in this study might indicate the necessity of ocular protection to avoid permanent eye damage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite element analysis of changes in tensile strain and deformation by airbag impact in eyes of various axial lengths

et al. 2022

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“…Airbag deployment mitigates the seatbelt-induced forces by reducing forward movement. Although the frequency of mild injuries to the face or extremities has increased with the use of airbags, the forces to the abdomen have decreased by the distribution of blunt force energy away from the abdomen [21][22][23][24]. The purpose of a restraint system is to gradually decelerate the occupant over a longer period of time as well as distribute collision forces over a larger portion of the bony skeleton [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Factors of Severe Abdominal Injuries Due to Seatbelt Compression in Motor Vehicle Passengers

Ikegami

Hitosugi

Takashima

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The data set of the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System was retrospectively analyzed to clarify the pattern and severity of seatbelt-induced abdominal injuries and determine the predictive factors of severe abdominal injuries. Among data of collisions that occurred from 1995 to 2011, we chose front-seat passengers with a height of >140 cm who developed seatbelt-induced abdominal injuries with an Abbreviated Injury Scale score of ≥2 during a frontal collision. The study population comprised 79 persons (24 male, 55 female; mean age, 37.5 years) with 136 abdominal injuries. Spleen, kidney, and liver injuries were the three most common seatbelt-induced injuries. The spleen was the most commonly injured site in both the moderate and severe injury groups. The liver was the second most commonly injured site in the moderate injury group, but no liver injuries occurred in the severe injury group (p = 0.001). The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that force to the lower abdomen positively influenced the occurrence of severe injuries and that airbag deployment negatively influenced the occurrence of severe injuries. Correct seatbelt use and airbag deployment can prevent severe seatbelt-induced abdominal injuries. Physicians should still suspect moderate abdominal injuries even in correctly restrained vehicle passengers.

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“…There is a body of research examining the risks of eyewear such as glasses being worn during such events. Notably, whilst the additional risk encountered was small (Koisaari et al 2017;Tervon and Sulander 2014), the severity of individual cases (Tsuda et al 1999) combined with the dimensions, materials and form factors of current MR headsets suggests that crash safety should be evaluated for any headset where usage in transit is likely, such that users are at least made aware of any discovered risks. And, in time, it could be expected that consideration be given to crashworthiness at the design stage of headsets, acknowledging their potential usage in transit and safeguarding against being worn during a crash.…”

Section: Resolving This Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in passenger use of mixed reality headsets in cars and other transportation

McGill

Williamson

et al. 2019

Virtual Reality

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This paper examines key challenges in supporting passenger use of augmented and virtual reality headsets in transit. These headsets will allow passengers to break free from the restraints of physical displays placed in constrained environments such as cars, trains and planes. Moreover, they have the potential to allow passengers to make better use of their time by making travel more productive and enjoyable, supporting both privacy and immersion. However, there are significant barriers to headset usage by passengers in transit contexts. These barriers range from impediments that would entirely prevent safe usage and function (e.g. motion sickness) to those that might impair their adoption (e.g. social acceptability). We identify the key challenges that need to be overcome and discuss the necessary resolutions and research required to facilitate adoption and realize the potential advantages of using mixed reality headsets in transit.

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Airbag deployment–related eye injuries

Abstract: Airbag-related eye injuries occurred very rarely in car accidents in cases where the occupant survived and the restraint system was appropriately used. Spectacle use did not appear to increase the risk of eye injury in restrained occupants.

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Finite element analysis of changes in tensile strain and deformation by airbag impact in eyes of various axial lengths

Finite element analysis of changes in tensile strain and deformation by airbag impact in eyes of various axial lengths

Predictive Factors of Severe Abdominal Injuries Due to Seatbelt Compression in Motor Vehicle Passengers

Challenges in passenger use of mixed reality headsets in cars and other transportation

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