Airborne concentrations of PM(2.5) and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem sidewalks: a community-based pilot study.

Kinney, Patrick L.; Aggarwal, Maneesha; Northridge, Mary E.; Janssen, Nicole; Shepard, Peggy

doi:10.1289/ehp.00108213

Cited by 145 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

141

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The elements that were significantly higher in the personal exposure in Papers II and/or Paper III were mostly of crustal nature and could be attributed to transport of soil from outdoors. Similar results, with higher estimates for personal exposure of this group of elements compared with indoor and outdoor levels, have been found by others (Kinney et al, 2000;Lai et al, 2004;Larson et al, 2004). The reason for the higher personal exposure is most likely indoor activities, both movement and other activities such as cooking.…”

Section: Personal Exposure V Indoor and Outdoor Levelssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Because EC is the dominant light-absorbing substance in the atmosphere (Hoek et al, 1997;Horvath et al, 1996;Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998), an alternative way to estimate EC concentrations in the atmosphere as BS is to measure light absorption or reflectance of PM, collected on filter media. Several studies have reported that BS, derived from absorbance coefficients, is well correlated with the concentration of EC or soot and can be recommended as a valid and cheap indicator in studies on combustion-related air pollution and health (Cyrys et al, 2003;Götschi et al, 2002;Janssen et al, 2001;Kinney et al, 2000).…”

Section: Analysis Of Black Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM 2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66-80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children's environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO 2 , making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM 2.5 and particles sized 100-368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.

show abstract

Section: Personal Exposure V Indoor and Outdoor Levelssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Analysis Of Black Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For EC, ambient concentrations are in mass-based units while the absorption coefficient is used for the indoor and outdoor concentrations. For the sake of comparison, a conversion factor of 0.83 µg/m³ per m −1 × 10 −5 (Kinney et al 2000) was used on the indoor and home-specific outdoor concentrations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NO 2 and PM 2.5 ) questionnaire data capturing these sources is also needed. Location of sampling sites and DEP monitor Table 1 Indoor, home-specific outdoor and ambient (from centrally located monitors) concentrations to µg/m³ (Kinney et al 2000), to allow for comparison between residential and ambient measurements. GIS-based variables grouped by algorithm used to create them and their posterior probabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting residential indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and elemental carbon using questionnaire and geographic information system based data

Baxter

Clougherty

Paciorek³

et al. 2007

Atmospheric Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous studies have identified associations between traffic-related air pollution and adverse health effects. Most have used measurements from a few central ambient monitors and/or some measure of traffic as indicators of exposure, disregarding spatial variability and/or factors influencing personal exposure-ambient concentration relationships. This study seeks to utilize publicly available data (i.e., central site monitors, geographic information system (GIS), and property assessment data) and questionnaire responses to predict residential indoor concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants for lower socioeconomic status (SES) urban households.As part of a prospective birth cohort study in urban Boston, we collected indoor and outdoor 3-4 day samples of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in 43 low SES residences across multiple seasons from 2003 -2005. Elemental carbon concentrations were determined via reflectance analysis. Multiple traffic indicators were derived using Massachusetts Highway Department data and traffic counts collected outside sampling homes. Home characteristics and occupant behaviors were collected via a standardized questionnaire. Additional housing information was collected through property tax records, and ambient concentrations were collected from a centrally-located ambient monitor.The contributions of ambient concentrations, local traffic and indoor sources to indoor concentrations were quantified with regression analyses. PM 2.5 was influenced less by local traffic but had significant indoor sources, while EC was associated with traffic and NO 2 with both traffic and indoor sources. Comparing models based on covariate selection using p-values or a Bayesian approach yielded similar results, with traffic density within a 50m buffer of a home and distance from a truck route as important contributors to indoor levels of NO 2 and EC, respectively. The Bayesian approach also highlighted the uncertanity in the models. We conclude that by utilizing public databases and

show abstract

“…Measured outdoor nitrogen dioxide levels decreased in proportion to distance from the road and/or traffic volume in a Tokyo study (Nakai et al, 1995). Personal monitoring on sidewalks in New York City found that elemental carbon concentrations, a marker for diesel exhaust, were associated with bus and truck counts on adjacent streets (Kinney et al, 2000). Traffic volume was significantly associated with indoor concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at urban, semiurban and suburban locations, although other combustion sources such as smoking, cooking and wood burning can also be important determinants of indoor PAH levels (Dubowsky et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic density in California: Socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children

Gunier

Hertz

Behren

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

190

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Motor vehicles are the main source of many hazardous air pollutants in California. Previous studies have shown that low-income and minority populations are more likely to live near industrial sources of pollution and in areas that do not meet national air quality standards. We estimated neighborhood exposures to motor vehicle emissions from a road network with daily traffic counts using a geographic information system. To calculate traffic density, we summed the average daily vehicle miles of travel per square mile of land area for each census block group in the state. We used 1990 census data to characterize the population by age, race and socioeconomic status in block groups with high traffic density. Block groups with more than 500,000 vehicle miles of travel per square mile were defined to be high traffic density. Statewide, about 5% of all block groups met this criterion and more than 215,000 children under 15 years of age lived in these high traffic density areas. Block groups in the lowest quartile of median family income were three times more likely to have high traffic density than block groups in the highest income quartile. The percentage of children living in high traffic density block groups increased with decreasing median family income for all race and ethnicities except White. Overall, children of color were about three times more likely to live in high-traffic areas than were white children. Based on this analysis, low-income and children of color have higher potential exposure to vehicle emissions. Future exposure assessment studies should target the highest traffic density areas, and health studies should consider the differences by income and race or ethnicity during design.

show abstract

Airborne concentrations of PM(2.5) and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem sidewalks: a community-based pilot study.

Cited by 145 publications

References 31 publications

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

Predicting residential indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and elemental carbon using questionnaire and geographic information system based data

Traffic density in California: Socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About