Airborne emission measurements of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and particles from individual ships using sniffer technique

Beecken, Jörg; Mellqvist, J.; Salo, Kent; Ekholm, Johan; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka

doi:10.5194/amtd-6-10617-2013

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This is in agreement with earlier onboard measurements 13,18 and also with plume measurements. 19–21 The emission factor for PN when using the TD was 1.36 × 10 15 /kWh; thus the solid fraction represents about 16% of the PNs. This value is lower than the value reported by Jonsson et al 19 performing plume measurements within an SECA that limits the SFC to 1%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber

Fridell

Salo

2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:

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Measurements of exhaust gases from a marine engine equipped with an open-loop wet scrubber using seawater for sulphur dioxide (SO2) abatement are reported. The scrubber reduces the SO2 emissions effectively to levels corresponding to <0.1% S in the fuel (the level that applies to sulphur emission control areas from 2015). The scrubber also reduces the emissions of particulate matter by mass by 75%. The impact on the number of particles is studied for the total particle number and the solid fraction. The total number of particles is reduced by about 92% and the solid fraction by 48% in the scrubber indicating most effective abatement of volatile particles. Also, the content of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the exhaust is significantly reduced by the scrubber. The captured SO2 gives a low pH and high sulphate content in the scrubber water. The reduction in particulate matter is of the same order as what is obtained with a fuel switch from heavy fuel oil to marine gas oil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber

Fridell

Salo

2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:

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“…Three measurement methods, including engine tests, onboard tests and plume tracking, are usually reported in the literature. However, most of the previous studies focused on the size-resolved particle number distributions (Wu et al, 2018;Cappa et al, 2014;Beecken et al, 2014;Moldanová et al, 2013;Juwono et al, 2013;Diesch et al, 2013;Alfoeldy et al, 2013;Winnes and Fridell, 2010;Kasper et al, 2007;Cooper, 2003), which reported that the total particle number concentrations were dominated by ultrafine particles (nucleation mode) or fine particles. For example, the mean particle diameter was between 25 and 40 nm for a two-stroke marine-diesel engine (Kasper et al, 2007) and between 40 and 60 nm for a fourstroke marine-diesel engine measured on a test bench (Petzold et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Studies of detailed chemical compositions in particles with different size ranges emitted from ships are in serious shortage. In this study, size-segregated distributions and characteristics of particle mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 25 n-alkanes measured aboard 12 different vessels in China are presented. The results showed the following. (1) More than half of the total particle mass, OC, EC, PAHs and n-alkanes were concentrated in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1.1 µm for most of the tested ships. The relative contributions of OC, EC, PAH and alkanes to the size-segregated particle mass are decreasing with the increase in particle size. However, different types of ships showed quite different particle-size-dependent chemical compositions. (2) In fine particles, the OC and EC were the dominant components, while in coarse particles, OC and EC only accounted for very small proportions. With the increase in particle size, the OC / EC ratios first decreased and then increased, having the lowest values for particle sizes between 0.43 and 1.1 µm. (3) Out of the four OC fragments and three EC fragments obtained in thermal–optical analysis, OC1, OC2 and OC3 were the dominant OC fragments for all the tested ships, while EC1 and EC2 were the main EC fragments for ships running on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine-diesel fuel, respectively; different OC and EC fragments presented different distributions in different particle sizes. (4) The four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had much higher PAH emission ratios than the four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV) and two-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV) in fine particles, and 2-HHV had the lowest values. (5) PAHs and n-alkanes showed different profile patterns for different types of ships and also between different particle-size bins, which meant that the particle size should be considered when source apportionment is conducted. It is also noteworthy from the results in this study that the smaller the particle size, the more toxic the particle was, especially for the fishing boats in China.

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“…The fuel sulphur limit is still 3.5% outside SECA but is planned to be restricted to 0.5% in 2020. Studies of chemical composition of 30 ship PM have shown that the mass is typically dominated by organic matter, sulphate, and black carbon (Zetterdahl et al, 2016;Cappa et al, 2014;Lu et al, 2006;Anderson et al, 2015;Beecken et al, 2014). The relative distribution of these species depend partly on fuel sulphur content (Lack et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of CO2 can be used to estimate emission factors of gases and particles. NOx emissions from ships have also been shown to depend on, at least, both fuel type and on ship speed (Beecken et al, 2014;IPCC, 2013). https://doi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ship plumes in the Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area: Chemical characterization and contribution to coastal aerosol concentrations

Ausmeel¹,

Eriksson²,

Ahlberg³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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In coastal areas, there is increased concern about emissions from shipping activities and the associated impact on air quality. We have assessed the ship aerosol properties and the contribution to coastal particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels by measuring ship plumes in ambient conditions at a site in Southern Sweden, within a Sulphur Emission Control Area. 10Measurements took place during a summer and a winter campaign, 10 km downwind of a major shipping lane. Individual ships showed large variability in contribution to total particle mass, organics, sulphate, and NO2. The average emission contribution of the ship fleet was 29±13 and 37±20 ng m -3 to PM0.5, 18±8 and 34±19 ng m -3 to PM0.15, and 1.21±0.57 and 1.11±0.61 µg m -3 to NO2, during winter and summer respectively. Sulphate and organics dominated the particle mass and most plumes contained undetectable amounts of equivalent black carbon (eBC). The average eBC contribution was 3.5±1.7 ng m -3 and the absorption Ångström exponent 15 was close to 1. Simulated aging of the ship aerosols using an oxidation flow reactor showed that during a few occasions, there was an increase in sulphate and organic mass after photochemical processing of the plumes. However, most plumes did not produce measurable amounts of secondary PM upon simulated ageing.

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Airborne emission measurements of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and particles from individual ships using sniffer technique

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber

Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber

Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China

Ship plumes in the Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area: Chemical characterization and contribution to coastal aerosol concentrations

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