Airborne organochlorines in the Canadian High Arctic

Patton, Gregory W.; Hinckley, Daniel A.; Walla, Michael D.; Bidleman, Terry F.; Hargrave, B. T.

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v41i3.15076

Cited by 56 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Over a long residence time, the ratio of trans-nonachlor to trans-chlordane changes due to the preferential depletion of trans-chlordane. 3,19,20) Analytical results for Drins, HCB, heptachlor, and heptachlor-epoxide are also shown in Table 3 spectively. The concentrations of these compounds were low when compared with DDTs and CHLs.…”

Section: Popsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Samples from Vietnam

Kishida

Imamura

Maeda

et al. 2007

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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The presence of eight kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), drin compounds (Drins), heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor-epoxide, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and sixty-four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) was identified using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) to investigate their distribution in surface sediment from Hanoi, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. A survey of sediment samples from Osaka was conducted for comparison. The concentrations of ΣDDTs, ΣCHLs, ΣPCBs and ΣPAHs in Vietnam were 0.19-140, N.D.-9.0, 0.11-110, and 30-5500 ng/gdry, respectively. Concentrations of these compounds in urban areas were higher than those in other areas. In addition, the ΣDDT concentrations in Vietnamese urban areas were higher than those in Osaka. These results suggest that most DDTs would be used as insecticides for the purpose of health services rather than as agricultural chemicals. PAH pollution in urban areas and suburbs is caused mainly by runoff of petrol, whereas in rural areas, the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the major pollutant source.

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Section: Popsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Samples from Vietnam

Kishida

Imamura

Maeda

et al. 2007

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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“…Clearly lindane is relatively stable in the atmosphere and can be transported over considerable distances. Lindane has been reported as being widely distributed via the atmosphere [1] and is found in Arctic air and snow [136][137][138], where it is among the most abundant organochlorine compounds; in Finland results obtained in 1991/2 indicated that it was the most common pesticide in precipitation [127]. Table 4 gives some typical monitoring results reported as lindane (␥-HCH) in rainwater.…”

Section: Monitoring Of Lindane In Rainwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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“…However the same trend was not observed for the γ-and β-isomers which ranged from 770 to 1150 pg/L and from 80 to 740 pg/L, respectively. Mean concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH of 7.1 and 0.8 ng/L, respectively, were reported by Patton et al (1989) to estimate the direction of gas exchange of HCHs and investigate possible loss processes in the water column Falconer et al, 1995). Average concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH in ocean surface water were 4.75±0.9 and 0.44±0.11 ng/l, respectively.…”

Section: Bs -Kgi Bs -Kgi Bs -Kgi Rs-tnb Bs -Kgi Bs -Kgi Bs -Kgi Bs -Kmentioning

confidence: 99%