Airborne reduced nitrogen: ammonia emissions from agriculture and other sources

Anderson, Natalie; Strader, Ross; Davidson, Cliff I.

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00186-1

Cited by 196 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…One of the products from denitrification is nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which is a potent greenhouse gas (Vitousek et al 1997). In the atmosphere ammonia can react with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) or nitric acid (HNO 3 ) to form ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) or ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) respectively, which make up a large part of fine particles in the air known as PM 2.5 (particle matter with a diameter of 2.5 lm or less) (Anderson et al 2003). One study estimated that 5-11% of the total PM 2.5 concentration in the United States may be attributable to ammonia emission from livestock alone (Fig.…”

Section: The Soil Microbiome and The N-cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Sigurdarson

Svane

Karring

2018

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

242

129

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Ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector give rise to numerous environmental and societal concerns and represent an economic challenge in crop farming, causing a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. Ammonia emissions from agriculture originate from manure slurry (livestock housing, storage, and fertilization of fields) as well as urea-based mineral fertilizers. Consequently, political attention has been given to ammonia volatilization, and regulations of ammonia emissions have been implemented in several countries. The molecular cause of the emission is the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. Urease is present in many different organisms, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and plants. In agriculture, microorganisms found in animal fecal matter and soil are responsible for urea hydrolysis. One strategy to reduce ammonia emissions is the application of urease inhibitors as additives to urea-based synthetic fertilizers and manure slurry to block the formation of ammonia. However, treatment of the manure slurry with urease inhibitors is associated with increased livestock production costs and has not yet been commercialized. Thus, development of novel, environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for ammonia emission mitigation is important. This mini-review describes the challenges associated with the volatilization of ammonia in agriculture and provides an overview of the molecular processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia emissions. Different technologies and strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are described with a special focus on the use of urease inhibitors. The mechanisms of action and efficiency of the most important urease inhibitors in relation to agriculture will be briefly discussed.

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Section: The Soil Microbiome and The N-cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Sigurdarson

Svane

Karring

2018

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

242

129

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“…Gas-phase NH 3 has a short atmospheric lifetime of a few hours to a few days, which depends on ambient temperature, relative humidity and aerosol composition (Anderson et al, 2003). High spatial and temporal resolution observations are needed to fully characterize NH 3 dynamics, including aerosol nucleation, gas-phase uptake onto particles and volatilization of particulate ammonium (Battye et al, 2003;Nowak et al, 2007;Pinder et al, 2008).…”

Section: J Miller Et Al: Open-path Qcl-based Ammonia Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anthropogenic NH 3 emissions have more than doubled since preindustrial times, largely due to agricultural livestock and fertilizer emissions (Galloway et al, 2003;Battye et al, 2003;Anderson et al, 2003;Aneja et al, 2008). Uncertainties as large as 50 % exist in global NH 3 emission budgets due to the spatial and temporal variability of emissions and a lack of in situ measurements for emission inventory validations (Battye et al, 2003;Clarisse et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based sensor for high-resolution atmospheric ammonia measurements

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We demonstrate a compact, open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based atmospheric ammonia sensor operating at 9.06 µm for high-sensitivity, high temporal resolution, ground-based measurements. Atmospheric ammonia (NH 3 ) is a gas-phase precursor to fine particulate matter, with implications for air quality and climate change. Currently, NH 3 sensing challenges have led to a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Our open-path sensor configuration minimizes sampling artifacts associated with NH 3 surface adsorption onto inlet tubing and reduced pressure sampling cells, as well as condensed-phase partitioning ambiguities. Multi-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy allows for selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric pressurebroadened absorption features. An in-line ethylene reference cell provides real-time calibration (±20 % accuracy) and normalization for instrument drift under rapidly changing field conditions. The sensor has a sensitivity and noise-equivalent limit (1σ ) of 0.15 ppbv NH 3 at 10 Hz, a mass of ∼ 5 kg and consumes ∼ 50 W of electrical power. The total uncertainty in NH 3 measurements is 0.20 ppbv NH 3 ± 10 %, based on a spectroscopic calibration method. Field performance of this open-path NH 3 sensor is demonstrated, with 10 Hz time resolution and a large dynamic response for in situ NH 3 measurements. This sensor provides the capabilities for improved in situ gas-phase NH 3 sensing relevant for emission source characterization and flux measurements.

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“…In western countries, agricultural activities contribute 85-98 % of the atmospheric NH 3 emissions (Anderson et al, 2003;Sutton et al, 2000a). These emissions arise in some cases from the direct breakdown of mineral fertiliser, but more importantly from the breakdown of organic matter (such as urea) within animal wastes.…”

Section: Ammonia Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And the non-agricultural sources include -wild animals (Anderson et al, 2003;Riddick et al, 2012;Simpson et al, 1999;Sutton et al, 2000a;Theobald et al, 2006); -catalyst processes, mainly related to road traffic (Kean et al, 2009;van Vuuren et al, 2011); , and the right side of the figure illustrates the pathway of nitrogen oxides (NO y ) compounds in the atmosphere (NO x = NO + NO 2 and reaction products). The sketch is a modified version of the figure in Hertel et al (2006).…”

Section: Ammonia Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%