Airborne spread and infection of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus

Zhang, Hongna; Li, Xin; Ma, Rujiang; Li, Xiaoxia; Zhou, Yufa; Dong, Huijuan; Li, Xinxian; Li, Qinglei; Zhang, Mingliang; Liu, Zhihao; Wei, Baozhi; Cui, Mingchao; Wang, Hao; Gao, Jing; Yang, Huaqiang; Hou, Peiqiang; Miao, Zengmin; Chai, Tongjie

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-10-204

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In addition, on day 3 postinoculation, lesions were detected around the hilum in intranasally infected mice, consistent with prior studies indicating that pulmonary lesions localized closer the large bronchi, with a more localized distribution of lesions, in mice inoculated by intranasal instillation . The majority of studies have suggested that aerosol particles ≤5 μm penetrate the respiratory tract to the alveoli and distribute diffusely and homogenously . Therefore, in this study, mice exposed to H1N1‐containing aerosols (particles 1.27 ± 0.61 μm) displayed mild lung boundary lesions on day 5 and wider lung lobe lesions on days 7 to 9 after infection, simultaneously leading to the slow disease onset and progression of pulmonary lesions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation

Hao

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Influenza A (H1N1) is a rapidly spreading acute respiratory illness that remains a worldwide burden on public health. To simulate natural infection routes, BALB/C mice were challenged with the H1N1 virus by aerosol and intranasal instillation routes. We compared the weight change and survival of the mice for 14 consecutive days after infection. The infected mice were euthanized at days 3, 5, 7, and 9 to perform necropsies, lung pathological analyses, viral titers measurement, and lung cytokines examination. The aerosol-treated mice showed clinical symptoms on day 4, obvious lung lesions on day 5, rapid weight loss on day 7, peak virus replication in the lungs on days 7 to 9, and bronchial epithelial hyperplasia on day 9. However, after intranasal instillation, the mice exhibited clinical signs on day 2, rapid weight loss and obvious lung lesions on day 3, and peak virus replication in the lungs on days 3 to 5; no bronchial epithelial hyperplasia was detected. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected in the lungs of infected mice by both two routes.Disease and lung lesion progressions were slower in the mice that inhaled H1N1containing aerosols than in those treated by intranasal instillation, and lung lesions were homogeneous in the aerosol group and heterogeneous in the intranasal group. In this study, BALB/C mouse models of H1N1 virus aerosol inhalation were successfully established and compared with mouse models of intranasal inoculation, aerosol mouse models had an infection route and lung pathology characteristics that more closely resembled those observed in humans. K E Y W O R D Saerosol inhalation, H1N1 virus aerosol, intranasal instillation, mouse models

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation

Hao

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…1 Consequently, the incidence of contagious bacterial disease increases, and both the disease itself and the associated costs of antibacterial drugs impose a burden on the profitability of production units and cause problems with vaccination protocols, i.e., a weaker immune response to vaccination. 1,2 In America, infectious diseases generated by new influenza viruses are the main cause of pig morbidity in integrative production units. 3 In similar scenarios, viral diseases are a threat in other parts of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 In similar scenarios, viral diseases are a threat in other parts of the world. 1 It is known that vaccination may not protect against all the viruses circulating in a given area. 1,3 In addition, current vaccines may not be effective in young pigs due to interference with antibodies received from the sow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 It is known that vaccination may not protect against all the viruses circulating in a given area. 1,3 In addition, current vaccines may not be effective in young pigs due to interference with antibodies received from the sow. Producers often need to vaccinate their animals after maternal antibodies decrease, that is, when they are 10-13 weeks old.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immune-modulating substances may help the animals achieve the high antibody titre required for full protection. 1,3 Additionally, it has been postulated that drugs or products that can optimize immune responses may not only be beneficial to the health status of the farm but also improve production variables while maintaining a favourable cost:benefit ratio. 6,7 In pigs, such a drug preparation should ideally be administered orally, be virtually innocuous to animals, and not pose a public health threat, i.e., drug residues in animal tissues should not be a concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of glycyrrhizic acid (Viusid-Vet® powder) on the reduction of influenza virus spread and on production parameters in pigs

Ocampo-Camberos¹,

Tapia²,

Gutiérrez³

et al. 2017

Vet Méx OA

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Influenza viruses are among the most important respiratory pathogens in pigs and humans. They cause seasonal epidemics in pigs and occasional pandemics in humans. Herbal remedies have been regarded as suitable elements to aid in controlling influenza. This study was carried out to analyse the effects of the in-feed administration of glycyrrhizic acid, the best-known component of liquorice (as Viusid-Vet® powder), in pigs suffering an outbreak of influenza. Eighty crossbred Duroc-Landrace pigs, one day post-weaning (22 days old), were included in this trial. Piglets were randomly divided into the following two groups: those treated with glycyrrhizic acid and an untreated control group. Serological measurements to assess viral load and humoral responses were carried out. Blood samples from pigs were obtained every fortnight, starting on week two and ending on week 15. With these samples, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were performed, using A/swine/New Jersey/11/76 (H1N1) and A/swine/Minnesota/9088-2/98 (H3N2) as reference viruses. Quantitative RT-PCR tests against the M gene of the influenza virus were also performed to assess viral shedding from nasal swab samples on weeks 1 to 8 after the beginning of the trial. Weight variables were assessed weekly for 18 weeks. In the HI tests, treated animals showed fewer positive responses compared to the control group for H1N1 and H3N2. However, a positive response to viral protection, as assessed by HI tests, was regarded as not conclusive of humoral immune stimulation. qRT-PCR tests for viral spread exhibited a lower rate of excretion for the treated group compared to the untreated one. Hence, it appears that glycyrrhizic acid stimulates, to some extent, immune responses against pig influenza as measured by viral shedding. For mean body weight, the generalized estimating equations show a higher weight gain for pigs treated with glycyrrhizic acid than the control group (P = 0.0001). These effects may assist producers in addressing the aftermath of an influenza outbreak.

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COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol

2020

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Republic of China published the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infection (trial version 6) [1]. With the awareness and understanding of the disease, the guidelines show that the droplets and close contact transmission are the main routes of transmission, and aerosol transmission is possible under the condition of long exposure to high concentrations of aerosols in a relatively closed environment [1]. Aerosols are particles formed by solid or liquid particles dispersed and suspended in the air. They contain soil particles, industrial dust particles, particulates emitted by automobiles, bacteria, microorganisms, plant spore powders, and other components. When a person, who was infected with the virus, coughs, sneezes, breathes vigorously, or speaks loudly, the virus will be excreted from the body and may dissolve with the aerosol and become the bio-aerosols. The particles in a bio-aerosol are generally 0.3 to 100 μm in diameter; however, the respirable size fraction of 1 to 10 μm is of primary concern. Bio-aerosols ranging in size from 1.0 to 5.0 μm generally remain in the air, whereas larger particles are deposited on surfaces. Droplets are droplets of saliva discharged by people sneezing or coughing, and their particle size is generally 1 to 5 mm. They spread in a space of about 1 to 2 m from the source of infection. However, the aerosol can travel hundreds of meters or more. More importantly, current researches have proven that aerosols are involved in the spread of SARS, MERS, H1N1, and some other diseases [2-5]. If COVID-19 infection cannot transmit by aerosol, it will hardly to explain some confirmed cases. On Feb 3, the Disease Control Department of Dalat Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, announced that the fourth confirmed case lived upstairs of the first confirmed case, who went up and down the building several times by passing by the door of the first confirmed case, of whom the door was often opened and there was some domestic garbage beside the door [6]. Moreover, four clinical laboratory technicians in the Department of Clinical Laboratory of Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, were infected with COVID-19, of whom had no contact with the confirmed cases [7]. How did they get infected? One possibility is that the patients' blood samples are exposed to the air to form aerosols, and the viruses in the aerosols are transmitted to the four technicians. All in all, COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol directly, but it needs to be further verified by experiments. If the aerosols can spread COVID-19, prevention and control will be much more difficult. Authors' contributions JW and GD wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. GD conceived the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Airborne spread and infection of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus

Cited by 38 publications

References 23 publications

Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation

Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation

Effects of glycyrrhizic acid (Viusid-Vet® powder) on the reduction of influenza virus spread and on production parameters in pigs

COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol

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