Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments: A comprehensive review

Shen, Jialei; Kong, Min; Dong, Bing; Birnkrant, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianshun

doi:10.1080/23744731.2021.1977693

Cited by 50 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…Previous studies 22–24 found that multiple parameters, such as the ventilation system, 41–43 air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing 43 . would affect the airborne transmission of SARS CoV‐2.…”

Section: Dominant Influencer Of Covid‐19 Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods

et al. 2022

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Since the outbreak of COVID‐19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID‐19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing. The transmission characteristics in existing cases are providing more and more evidence that SARS CoV‐2 can be transmitted through the air. This investigation reviewed probabilistic and deterministic research methods, such as the Wells–Riley equation, the dose‐response model, the Monte‐Carlo model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Eulerian method, CFD with the Lagrangian method, and the experimental approach, that have been used for studying the airborne transmission mechanism. The Wells–Riley equation and dose‐response model are typically used for the assessment of the average infection risk. Only in combination with the Eulerian method or the Lagrangian method can these two methods obtain the spatial distribution of airborne particles' concentration and infection risk. In contrast with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, the Monte‐Carlo model is suitable for studying the infection risk when the behavior of individuals is highly random. Although researchers tend to use numerical methods to study the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19, an experimental approach could often provide stronger evidence to prove the possibility of airborne transmission than a simple numerical model. All in all, the reviewed methods are helpful in the study of the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID‐19 and epidemic prevention and control.

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Section: Dominant Influencer Of Covid‐19 Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods

et al. 2022

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“… Ref. Ventilation system Strategy type Mathematical method (MM) Numerical method (NM) Full-scale experiment (FSM) [ 70 ] NV AS x [ 71 ] NV AS x [ 72 ] NV AS&VP x [ 73 ] MV VP x [ 74 ] MV VP x [ 75 ] MV VP x [ 76 ] NV&MV AS&VP x [ 77 ] MV VP x [ 78 ] MV VP x [ 79 ] MV VP x [ 80 ] MV VP x …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation strategies to reduce airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms: A systematic review of scientific literature

Ferrari

Blázquez

Cardelli

et al. 2022

Building and Environment

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“… 1 Given that the average individual spends >90% of their day indoors, 2 there has been intense focus on factors associated with indoor transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes COVID‐19. 3 , 4 , 5 Epidemiological investigations highlight the role of congested, poorly ventilated spaces with high levels of secondary attack rates and community transmission. 6 , 7 While the specific contribution of respiratory droplets and aerosols remains a topic of active research, increasing evidence of asymptomatic and pre‐symptomatic individuals 8 contributing to community COVID‐19 transmission suggests that very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles, that is, submicron particles to a few microns in diameter, can spread SARS‐CoV‐2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of exposure to simulated respiratory aerosols using ventilation, physical distancing, and universal masking

et al. 2022

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To limit community spread of SARS‐CoV‐2, CDC recommends universal masking indoors, maintaining 1.8 m of physical distancing, adequate ventilation, and avoiding crowded indoor spaces. Several studies have examined the independent influence of each control strategy in mitigating transmission in isolation, yet controls are often implemented concomitantly within an indoor environment. To address the influence of physical distancing, universal masking, and ventilation on very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particle exposure, a simulator that coughed and exhaled aerosols (the source) and a second breathing simulator (the recipient) were placed in an exposure chamber. When controlling for the other two mitigation strategies, universal masking with 3‐ply cotton masks reduced exposure to 0.3–3 µm coughed and exhaled aerosol particles by >77% compared to unmasked tests, whereas physical distancing (0.9 or 1.8 m) significantly changed exposure to cough but not exhaled aerosols. The effectiveness of ventilation depended upon the respiratory activity, that is, coughing or breathing, as well as the duration of exposure time. Our results demonstrate that a layered mitigation strategy approach of administrative and engineering controls can reduce personal inhalation exposure to potentially infectious very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles within an indoor environment.

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Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments: A comprehensive review

Cited by 50 publications

References 252 publications

Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods

Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods

Ventilation strategies to reduce airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms: A systematic review of scientific literature

Reduction of exposure to simulated respiratory aerosols using ventilation, physical distancing, and universal masking

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