Airbrushed PSF/ZnO Composite Coatings as a Novel Approach for the Consolidation of Historical Bones

Abstract

In this work, the preparation and characterization of films based on polysulfone (PSF) filled with zinc oxide, ZnO, nanoparticles (NPs) are conducted. The novelty of this research mainly relies on two points: (i) the use of a commercial airbrush to prepare or modify materials, and (ii) the design of new materials (nanocomposites) for the consolidation and restoration of historical bones. To accomplish these objectives, free-standing thin films and ancient bone coatings of PSF/ZnO nanocomposites with different particle contents (0%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%, % wt) are prepared using a commercial airbrush. Mechanical characterization is carried out to correlate properties between free-standing thin films and coatings, thus understanding the final performance of the coatings as consolidants for ancient bones. Thin films of PSF/ZnO show that the elastic modulus (E) increases with particle content. The mechanical behavior of the surfaces of the treated and untreated bones is studied locally using Martens hardness measurements. Maximum values of Martens hardness are obtained for the bone samples treated with polysulfone filled with 1% ZnO nanoparticles (HM = 850 N·mm−2) or 2% ZnO (HM = 625 N·mm−2) compared to those treated just with neat PSF (HM = 282 N·mm−2) or untreated bone (HM = 140 N·mm−2), indicating there is a correspondence between rigidity of free-standing films and hardness of the corresponding coatings. In terms of mechanical performance, it is demonstrated the existence of a balance between nanoparticle concentration and probability of nanoparticle aggregation, which allows better material design for ancient bones consolidation.

Hybrid Materials Based on ZnO Nanoparticles and Organo-Modified Silica Coatings as Eco-Friendly Anticorrosive Protection for Metallic Historic Artifacts

“…Also, small shifts in the band position and band intensity can also be observed, as compared to the Incralac coating without ZnO, which is due to the physical interactions between the ZnO surface and polymeric chains in the Incralac composition. This behavior is reported in the literature for ZnO NPs embedded in various polyacrylic polymeric matrices [44].…”

“…Also, small shifts in the band position and band intensity can also be observed, as compared to the Incralac coating without ZnO, which is due to the physical interactions between the ZnO surface and polymeric chains in the Incralac composition. This behavior is reported in the literature for ZnO NPs embedded in various polyacrylic polymeric matrices[44].The silane-based nanocoatings show GPTMS and TEOS peaks, which are similar to the results reported in the literature[45].The characteristic peaks are located at 3352 cm −1 (-OH band), 2931 cm −1 and 2873 cm −1 (C-H vibration), and the 1412 cm −1 C-H vibration of -CH2 and -CH3 groups. The signals at 1023 cm −1 correspond to the Si-O-Si bonds, 907 cm −1 (Si-OH) and small peaks at 786 and 692 cm −1 to Si-O-Si stretching vibrations.…”

Non-Woven Fibrous Polylactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites Obtained via Solution Blow Spinning: Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior

“…However, this shoulder cannot be observed during the second heating scan ( Figure 6 b), suggesting a combination of factors to explain the appearance of that endothermic shoulder, the presence of nanoparticles, and the processing method, in this case, SBS. One possible explanation is that when fibers are formed during the SBS process, the presence of nanoparticles might force specific conformations of the polymer chains, and therefore, variations on the crystals are generated due to the presence of the nanoparticles [ 37 , 51 ].…”

“Nano in Nano”—Incorporation of ZnO Nanoparticles into Cellulose Acetate–Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Composite Nanofibers Using Solution Blow Spinning

“…Commercial zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder from Sigma-Aldrich Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA), with mean diameter of particles ≤100 nm, was used; according to the certificate of analysis (COA) of this batch, the nanopowder had an average particle size of 67 nm. Complete characterization of ZnO NPs can be found in the literature [41].…”

“…Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO; Mv 100000), cellulose acetate CA (Mn 30000), aceto (HPLC > 99.9%), and chloroform (anhydrous, ≥99%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldr Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA)and used as received without further purificati Commercial zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder from Sigma-Aldrich Merck (St. Louis, M USA), with mean diameter of particles ≤100 nm, was used; according to the certificate analysis (COA) of this batch, the nanopowder had an average particle size of 67 n Complete characterization of ZnO NPs can be found in the literature [41].…”