Thiocyanate
anion (SCN–) can coordinate to solid
surfaces in various coordination modes, endowing the solid surfaces
with different structures and electronic and catalytic properties,
but the rules that dictate the coordination preference are poorly
understood due to the multiple coordination sites of both SCN– and the solid surfaces as well as the SCN–-lattice mismatch. In this article, extensive density functional
theory calculations are performed to study the coordination modes
of SCN– on some selected solid surfaces. In particular,
the influence of surface stress, coverage, and counter cations is
discussed at length. It is found that the time-honored principle of
hard soft acid base can only partly account for the preference of
sulfur or nitrogen coordination to the solid surfaces due to its failure
to treat the Lewis acids and bases located at the borderline and to
deal with the multiple coordination sites and the SCN–-lattice mismatch. Specific to solid surfaces, the coordination number
and coordination strength can be gradually changed by applying stress.
Moreover, the interactions of SCN– with the counter
cations and solvent (water) can modify its coordination mode, which
generally favors sulfur coordination owing to the stronger interaction
between the more electronegative dangling nitrogen and the counter
cations or water. The coordination of SCN– could
modify the electronic and geometric properties of the solid surface,
which would benefit the design of catalysts. For example, the SCN– coordination improved the conductivity of β-Ni(OH)2, which is potentially useful in electrocatalysis. This work
sheds light on the coordination mode of SCN– with
significant implications on a variety of applications that can exploit
the coordination chemistry.