Alarming Cargo: The Role of Exosomes in Trauma-Induced Inflammation

Abstract

Severe polytraumatic injury initiates a robust immune response. Broad immune dysfunction in patients with such injuries has been well-documented; however, early biomarkers of immune dysfunction post-injury, which are critical for comprehensive intervention and can predict the clinical course of patients, have not been reported. Current circulating markers such as IL-6 and IL-10 are broad, non-specific, and lag behind the clinical course of patients. General blockade of the inflammatory response is detrimental to patients, as a certain degree of regulated inflammation is critical and necessary following trauma. Exosomes, small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, found in a variety of biofluids, carry within them a complex functional cargo, comprised of coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and metabolites. Composition of circulating exosomal cargo is modulated by changes in the intra- and extracellular microenvironment, thereby serving as a homeostasis sensor. With its extensively documented involvement in immune regulation in multiple pathologies, study of exosomal cargo in polytrauma patients can provide critical insights on trauma-specific, temporal immune dysregulation, with tremendous potential to serve as unique biomarkers and therapeutic targets for timely and precise intervention.

Protecting human amnion and chorion matrices during processing: Performance enhancement in a diabetic mouse model and human co‐culture system

“…52,53 The in vivo findings indicate that HACM preserved with the polyampholyte cryoprotectant protects properties of HACM that appear to promote the healing of delayed wounds in a diabetic mouse macrophages also secrete high levels of PDGF, which has been shown to promote angiogenesis. 54 Biomechanical measurements of the healed tissue indicated that polyampholyte preserved HACM had better integrity, and when compared with the untreated wounds, it was statistically significant ( p < 0.05). From the perspective of wound closure, the preserved HACM appear to promote the healing of diabetic mouse wounds, but additional samples will be required to reach statistical significance.…”

“…M2a macrophages play a critical role in ECM formation, which is a prerequisite for the proliferative phase of wound healing. M2a macrophages also secrete high levels of PDGF, which has been shown to promote angiogenesis 54 . Biomechanical measurements of the healed tissue indicated that polyampholyte preserved HACM had better integrity, and when compared with the untreated wounds, it was statistically significant ( p < 0.05).…”

MECHANISM OF MIR-25-3P CARRIED BY EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES DERIVED FROM PLATELET-RICH PLASMA IN IL-1β–INDUCED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS CELL DEGENERATION VIA THE SOX4/CXCR7 AXIS

“…Extracellular vesicles carry cargos, such as lipids, proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, so as to influence remote organ functions and act on traumatic injuries, serving as biomarkers of inflammatory-based diseases and clinical sequelae (44). Massive studies elucidated that EVs have potential therapeutic effects on alleviating IVD degeneration (45)(46)(47), and PRP is known to provide a protective and reparative role in IVD and diseases related to IVD degeneration (48,49).…”

The Role of Exosomes in Epithelial–to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cell Functional Properties in Head and Neck Cancer

“…Additionally, exosomes facilitate communication between immune cells and also activate and recruit other immune cells to the site of injury or infection. This could be vital in the immediate postoperative period, as the immune response is a key factor in preventing tissue infection and assisting proper wound healing [ 168 ]. Conclusively, the exosomes released after trauma or surgery appear to play a significant role in healing.…”