Alarmins and inflammatory aspects related to snakebite envenomation

Snake venom cysteine-rich secretory protein from Mojave rattlesnake venom (Css-CRiSP) induces acute inflammatory responses on different experimental models

“…Under physiological conditions, inflammation is part of the innate immune response towards snake venoms. Recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins and venom-associated molecular patterns (VAMPs) by cells belonging to innate immunity, promotes their activation and initiates the inflammatory response as an initial mechanism to protect, neutralize and resolve the symptoms ( Zuliani, 2023 ). However, the snake venom toxins can sustain pathological inflammation in the victim, leading to venom-induced, immune-mediated tissue damage that ultimately can cause organ system failure ( Bickler, 2020 ; Ryan et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Several studies using isolated toxins such as SVMP, PLA 2 , LAAO and support their role promoting inflammation by directly stimulating immune cells to release key mediators of this response ( Bickler, 2020 ; Zuliani et al, 2020 ; Zuliani, 2023 ). In addition, other protein families are capable of triggering the inflammatory response, such as hyaluronidases and svCRiSPs.…”