“…These studies indicate that compared to those who abstain during pregnancy, pregnant women who use alcohol tend to be older, earlier in pregnancy, pre-pregnancy drinkers, smokers, or have mental health problems (CDC, 2012;Harrison & Sidebottom, 2009;Leonardson, Loudenburg, & Struck, 2007;O'Connor & Whaley, 2003;Sung, 2012;Zammit, Skouteris, Wertheim, Paxton, Milgrom, 2008). Compared to those who do not smoke tobacco during pregnancy, pregnant women who smoke tobacco are more likely to be white, unmarried, have other smokers in the household, and report elevated stress levels, and depression (Blalock, Robinson, Wetter, & Cinciripini, 2005;Colman & Joyce, 2003;Orr, Newton, Tarwater, & Weismiller, 2005;Tong, Jones, Dietz, D'Angelo, & Bombard, 2009;Zhu & Valbo, 2002).…”