Alcohol misuse, alcohol-related risky behaviors, and childhood adversity among soldiers who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan

Clarke‐Walper, Kristina; Riviere, Lyndon A.; Wilk, Joshua E.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.001

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Multiple studies have described high rates of problem drinking among military service members (Armed Forces Surveillance Center, 2013;Bray et al, 2013Bray et al, , 2010Clarke-Walper et al, 2013;Heltemes et al, 2013;Institute of Medicine, 2012;Jacobson et al, 2008;Stahre et al, 2009). Problem drinking may be particularly costly in this population due to associated decreased work performance (Blume et al, 2010;Frone, 2006;Harwood et al, 2009), impaired athletic performance (O'Brien and Lyons, 2000), increased risk of injury (Harris et al, 2009;Williams et al, 2012) and comorbid mental health disorders (Bray et al, 2010;LeardMann et al, 2013),and multiple other adverse health outcomes including sleep deprivation and fatigue (Lamond and Dawson, 1999;Roth and Roehrs, 1996) that may lead to performance impairment (Harwood et al, 2009;Institute of Medicine, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Risk factors for relapse to problem drinking among current and former US military personnel: A prospective study of the Millennium Cohort

Williams¹,

Frasco²,

Jacobson³

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Risk factors for relapse to problem drinking among current and former US military personnel: A prospective study of the Millennium Cohort

Williams¹,

Frasco²,

Jacobson³

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…S tudies in the general population suggest that individuals who report high levels of childhood adversity are at higher risk of health problems in later life, including personality disorders, 1 alcoholism, 2,3 drug abuse, 3 depression, 2,3 suicide attempts 3 and severe obesity 3 . In the military context, childhood adversity has consistently been identified as a pre‐enlistment risk factor associated with symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 4–6 depression, 4,5 anxiety, 5,7 risky driving behaviour, 8 alcohol misuse, 9,10 and self‐harm, suicidal ideation and behaviour 11 . A number of authors have inferred from these results that prior traumas, such as childhood adversity, can increase individuals' vulnerability to mental health problems when faced with traumatic events, such as combat exposure, in adult life 9,12 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood adversity and traumatic exposures during deployment as predictors of mental health in Australian military veterans

Zheng

Kanesarajah

Waller

et al. 2016

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To examine whether the relationship between traumatic exposure on deployment and poor mental health varies by the reported level of childhood adversity experienced in Australian military veterans deployed to the Bougainville or East Timor military operations. Methods: Cross‐sectional self‐reported survey data were collected in 2008 from 3,564 Australian military veterans who deployed to East Timor or Bougainville on their deployment experiences, health and recall of childhood events. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between childhood adversity, deployment exposures and mental health. Results: The most common childhood adversity reported was ‘not having a special teacher, youth worker or family friend who looked out for them while growing up’. On average, responders reported experiencing 3.5 adverse childhood experiences (SD 2.7) and averaged 5.3 (SD 4.9) traumatic exposures on deployment. Both childhood adversity and traumatic exposures on deployment were associated with higher odds of poorer mental health. However, there was no evidence that level of childhood adversity modified the association between traumatic exposure and mental health. Conclusions/Implications: These findings suggest that military personnel who recalled a higher level of childhood adversity may need to be monitored for poor mental health and, if required, provided with appropriate support.

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“…These challenges are coupled with increased alcohol consumption, alcohol misuse, alcohol related-behavioural problems, and alcohol dependence (Bray et al, 2010;Brown et al, 2012;Browne et al, 2008;Clarke-Walper et al, 2013;Hoge et al, 2004;Jacobson et al, 2008;Wilk et al, 2010). Studies show that levels of alcohol consumption increase post-deployment, in comparison to pre-deployment (Jacobson et al, 2008;Wagner & Jakupcak, 2012).…”

Section: Military Risk Factors For Alcohol Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress is a well-recognized condition of modern living. It has been studied in numerous domains, ranging from life to work, including specific work conditions (e.g., high stress and high-risk occupations like the military; Blume et al, 2010;Clarke-Walper et al, 2013;Cooper, Dewe, & O'Driscoll, 2001;Griffin & Clarke, 2011;Herold & Conlon, 1981;Kahn & Byosiere, 1992;Lazarus, 1991;Wilk et al, 2010). In the stress process, stressors are the drivers and refer to the "demands experienced by individuals"…”

Section: The Stressor-strain-alcohol Consumption Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For military members, exposure to adverse childhood experiences has also been positively related to depression and PTSD, above and beyond the effects of combat exposure (Agorastos et al, 2014;Cabrera et al, 2007;Clarke-Walper, Riviere, & Wilk, 2013). In the CAF, exposure to adverse childhood experiences has been associated with poorer mental health among recently deployed military members (Lee, Phinney, Watkins, & Zamorski, 2016).…”

Section: Stressors and Alcohol Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Stressors and Strain on Alcohol Use in Canadian Armed Forces Members

Rankin¹

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Historically, alcohol consumption in the military has been widespread, especially postdeployment, which causes concern for the leadership of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) in the post-Afghanistan deployment era. In order to shed light onto this important issue, two studies assessed the impact of multiple stressors and strain on alcohol consumption utilizing a stressor-strain-alcohol consumption model (SSAC model).Moreover, generational differences in alcohol consumption as well as various elements of the SSAC model were examined. In Study 1, an initial model identified the influence of pre-military service life stressors on alcohol consumption in recently enrolled members and found that increases in Negative Life Events and Exposure to Violence in their preservice lives were associated with increases in alcohol consumption, and that these associations were mediated by posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD).Interestingly, Millennials were found to consume more alcohol than both Gen Xers and Late Baby Boomers, and they also demonstrated weaker associations between Childhood Neglect/Depression, Childhood Neglect/PTSD, and alcohol consumption/Negative Life Events than did Gen Xers. Equally noteworthy, Gen Xers and Late Baby Boomers consumed alcohol to the same degree. In Study 2, a revised model was tested in the postdeployment context with Combat Exposure as the stressor. Also, baseline information from pre-enrollment (Time 1) was controlled in the post-deployment SSAC model (Time 2) to further elucidate the impact of Combat Exposure on strain and alcohol consumption.Results indicated which stressors, namely Negative Life Events and Childhood Adversity, and strain (i.e., Depression and PTSD), had cumulative, long-term effects on members' alcohol consumption. Generations did not differ significantly on alcohol consumption, but it was noted that Millennials demonstrated weaker association between Time 1 and Time STRESSOR-STRAIN-ALCOHOL USE iii 2 alcohol consumption than did Gen Xers. This thesis bridges the gap in our understanding of alcohol consumption in a highly relevant and high-risk environment, thereby providing the CAF with insight into current alcohol consumption trends and precursors to alcohol consumption across generations. STRESSOR-STRAIN-ALCOHOL USEiv Acknowledgements Without a doubt, I would not have accomplished the thesis without the guidance, support, and friendship of many generous and giving individuals.First, I would like to thank my two advisers for their contributions to my thesis.Dr. Jennifer Lee challenged me and greatly contributed to my understanding of the effects of alcohol consumption in stress-strain and post-deployment contexts; my ability to conduct, interpret, and write statistical analysis, especially mediation; and pushed my creative research boundaries. I will not be able to repay her for her selfless efforts and massive amounts of time and patience. Dr. Janet Mantler provided sound advice on the thesis process, insightful feedback on my thesis, and guided me to my thesis t...

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Alcohol misuse, alcohol-related risky behaviors, and childhood adversity among soldiers who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Risk factors for relapse to problem drinking among current and former US military personnel: A prospective study of the Millennium Cohort

Risk factors for relapse to problem drinking among current and former US military personnel: A prospective study of the Millennium Cohort

Childhood adversity and traumatic exposures during deployment as predictors of mental health in Australian military veterans

The Influence of Stressors and Strain on Alcohol Use in Canadian Armed Forces Members

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