Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students

Snipes, Daniel J.; Jeffers, Amy J.; Green, Brooke A.; Benotsch, Eric G.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.010

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Other studies however, have not found significant associations between AMED consumption and problematic behaviors including binge drinking (Flotta et al, ), higher intoxication levels (Droste, Miller, Pennay, Zinkiewicz, & Lubman, ; Rossheim and Thombs, ), increased levels of sensation seeking (Snipes et al, ), being male (Malinauskas et al, ; Reid et al, ), younger age (Flotta et al, ), having a lower grade point average (Azagba et al, ; Patrick et al, ), school type (Martz et al, ), education level (Pennay et al, ), income (Pennay et al, ), general health (Pennay et al, ), sleep problems (Bonar et al, ), smoking (Pennay et al, ), and nonmedical use of opioids and anxiolytics (Khan et al, ). Further studies have also reported no significant associations between AMED consumption and drunk driving (Arria et al, ; Berger et al, ; Curtis et al, ; Flotta et al, ), wearing a seatbelt when riding in a car driven by someone else (Flotta et al, ), being hurt or injured (Berger et al, ), race or ethnic group (Patrick et al, ; Wells et al, ), sexual identity (Wells et al, ), participation in unprotected sex (Miller, ), unwanted sexual contact (Berger et al, ), and sexual victimization in women (Snipes et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Surveys among U.S. students and young adults reported AMED consumption to vary from 8.1% to 64.7% of their cohorts (Berger, Fendrich, & Fuhrman, 2013;Emond, Gilbert-Diamond, Tanski, & Sargent, 2014;Gonzales, Largo, Miller, Kanny, & Brewer, 2015;Housman, Williams, & Woolsey, 2016;Martz, Patrick, & Schulenberg, 2015;Marzell, Turrisi, Mallett, Ray, & Scaglione, 2014;Miller, 2012;Patrick, Macuada, & Maggs, 2016;Rutledge, Bestrashniy, & Nelson, 2016;Snipes & Benotsch, 2013;Snipes, Green, Javier, Perrin, & Benotsch, 2014;Snipes, Jeffers, Green, & Benotsch, 2015). Among U.S. active-duty Navy and Marine Corps, 28% reported consuming AMED (Knapik et al, 2016).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Amed Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant associations have been reported between AMED consumption and binge drinking (Gonzales et al, 2015;Emond et al, 2014;Martz et al, 2015;Patrick et al, 2016;Pennay et al, 2015;Reid et al, 2015), drunkenness (Kristjansson, Mann, Sigfusdottir, & James, 2015), increased alcohol intake, higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs; Arria, Caldeira, Bugbee, Vincent, & O'Grady, 2016;Azagba et al, 2013;Bonar, Green, & Asfrafioun, 2017;Brache & Stockwell, 2011;Cheng et al, 2012;O'Brien et al, 2008;Pennay et al, 2014;Woolsey, Waigandt, & Beck, 2010), hazardous drinking (Bonar et al, 2015;Eckschmidt et al, 2013), risk of alcohol use disorder (Emond et al, 2014), risk for alcohol dependence (Cheng et al, 2012;Droste et al, 2014;Snipes et al, 2015), and gambling .…”

Section: Associations With Amed Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

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The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk‐taking behavior.Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta‐analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol‐only (AO) consumers. Within‐subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk‐taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta‐analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk‐taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Prevalence Of Amed Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associations With Amed Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Overall, one study found that CAB users were at twice the odds of experiencing at least one negative consequence as compared to non-users (Brache & Stockwell, 2011). Some of these consequences include driving after drinking and being a passenger in a car with an intoxicated driver (Brache & Stockwell, 2011), engaging in sexual risk behaviors such as having unprotected sex or having sex after drinking too much (Snipes & Bentosch, 2013), using stimulant drugs (Brache & Stockwell, 2011; Snipes & Bentosch, 2013), and experiencing symptoms of alcohol use disorder (Snipes, Jeffers, Green, & Benotsch, 2015). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with alcohol among college students.

Linden-Carmichael¹,

Lau‐Barraco²

2017

Health Psychology

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Objective Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use is associated with a range of substance-related problems. The majority of prior research on CABs is based on cross-sectional and retrospective reports, which do not account for intraindividual differences in use and may be subject to recall biases. The current research used a daily diary, within-subjects design to compare days where individuals simultaneously mixed alcohol with caffeine (“CAB days”) and days where individuals drank other types of alcohol (“non-CAB days”) on alcohol use outcomes. These relationships were tested further by examining the impact of the type of mixer (i.e., energy drink or cola-caffeinated). Methods Participants were 122 (73.8% women) heavy drinking, college student CAB users. Mean age was 20.39 (SD = 2.08) years. Students completed a baseline questionnaire and up to 14 consecutive, daily surveys about the previous night’s drinking behavior. Results Multilevel modeling results indicated that CAB days were associated with heavier alcohol use, regardless of mixer type. In addition, beyond amount of alcohol consumed the previous night and trait impulsivity, CAB days were linked with more alcohol-related problems, but only when the mixer was an energy drink. CAB days did not differ from non-CAB days on driving or sex after drinking. Conclusions This study was the first to demonstrate the unique risks posed by simultaneously consuming caffeine and alcohol in a within-subjects, daily diary design. Future research investigating use patterns may benefit from the use of fine-grained approaches in order to provide information relevant for CAB prevention and intervention efforts.

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“…Despite its popularity, heavier CAB use is associated with alcohol-related harms including alcohol dependence, other substance use (Snipes, Jeffers, Green, & Benotsch, 2015), and risk behaviors such as sexual risk behaviors and driving after drinking (Bonar, Cunningham, Polshkova, Chermack, Blow, & Walton, 2015). In addition, CAB use was associated with negative consequences after controlling for typical alcohol use (Brache & Stockwell, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Investigation of Caffeinated Alcohol Use During Spring Break

Linden-Carmichael

Lau‐Barraco

2016

Substance Use & Misuse

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Background Caffeinated alcoholic beverages (e.g., Red Bull and vodka) are popular but associated with negative consequences. CABs may be particularly popular during Spring Break, a potentially risky social event. Objectives We aimed to identify the prevalence of Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use, determine how caffeinated alcohol use Spring Break drinking habits differ from usual, and examine the association between Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Methods Data were collected from 95 college students during March of 2013 and 2014. Students completed questionnaires of their alcohol and caffeinated alcohol use before and during Spring Break and Spring Break alcohol-related problems. Results Approximately 54% of students used caffeinated alcohol during Spring Break. Spring Break caffeinated alcohol use was associated with more alcohol-related problems, even after controlling for other alcohol consumed and Spring Break vacation status. Conclusions/Importance Caffeinated alcoholic beverages are commonly consumed during Spring Break and their use uniquely predicted harms. Prevention efforts placed on caffeinated alcoholic beverage users may be helpful in reducing Spring Break-related harms.

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Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students

Cited by 35 publications

References 27 publications

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with alcohol among college students.

A Preliminary Investigation of Caffeinated Alcohol Use During Spring Break

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