Alcohol outcome expectancies: Scale construction and predictive utility in higher order confirmatory models.

Abstract

The goals of this research were to develop a scale to measure alcohol outcome expectancies that incorporated important features suggested by previous research; to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument, with particular attention to item discrimination; and to examine the relationship of positive and negative expectancy to self-reported alcohol use. In Study 1, a preliminary expectancy scale was constructed; factor analysis showed 2 general constructs representing positive and negative consequences of drinking. In Study 2, the scale was refined through tests of item discrimination and was used to predict alcohol use using structural equation modeling. Although negative expectancy was significantly related to alcohol use, positive expectancy was a stronger predictor. These results are consistent with earlier work that proposed a general positive–negative expectancy distinction and suggest that positive expectancy is a more powerful motivator of drinking.

Self-coded indirect memory associations and

“…They provide information about accessible and consequently relevant health cognitions. Such responses are useful for identifying personally relevant issues for qualitative analysis and have been used effectively in questionnaire development (Leigh & Stacy, 1993;Markland & Hardy, 1993;McCarthy, Pedersen, Thompsen, & Leuty, 2006). The present method provides a valid and efficient coding procedure that reduces ambiguity and solves a critical problem in sociates correlate with corresponding levels of alcohol and marijuana use in the population of college students.…”

High- and low-dose alcohol-related expectancies and the differential associations with drinking in male and female adolescents and young adults

“…In girls of the youngest subject group 29% of the variance in current drinking was accounted for by the second-order low-dose negative expectancies and age, model ® t: c 2 (19 df) 5 30.6, p 5 0.045. The LISREL VIII output indicated (ª M odi® cation Indicesº , Jo È reskog & So È rbom, 1993) that the speci® c alteration to the model required in this subgroup was a direct path from the residual of sexual± social inhibition to QF (a sim ilar alteration as described in Leigh & Stacy, 1993). For boys in the second subject group, prediction of current drinking was increased to 30%.…”

High‐ and low‐dose alcohol‐related expectancies and the differential associations with drinking in male and female adolescents and young adults

“…Expectancies have consistently been found to be associated with current alcohol consumption in college students (e.g. Leigh & Stacy, 1993), com munity samples (e.g. Brown et al, 1980) and adolescents (e.g.…”

“…Fromm e, Stroot & Kaplan, 1993;Leigh & Stacy, 1993;C hen et al, 1994; M cM ahon, Jones & O' Donnell, 1994). In addition, it has been shown that expectancies vary with the dose of alcohol concerned (Southwick et al, 1981;Connors et al, 1987;Collins et al, 1990;Earleywine & M artin, 1993).…”

“…In subsequent years, several instrum ents were developed with an approximately equal number of positive and negative scales (e.g. Young & Knight, 1989;Fromme et al, 1993;Leigh & Stacy, 1993). It was shown with various instruments that negative expectancies signi® cantly improve the prediction of current drinking (Fromm e et al, 1993;Leigh & Stacy, 1993;Chen et al, 1994;M cMahon et al, 1994).…”