Aldosterone changes after consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in humans. A four-way randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Abnormally high aldosterone levels are associated to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. A sodium-rich mineral water was previously shown to reduce several markers of cardiovascular risk and did not increase blood pressure in healthy adults. We aimed to study the effects of consuming the same mineral water compared to a control water on aldosterone levels, and if the effects vary due to the presence of meal in healthy adults. The design was a four-way randomized controlled crossover 120-min-postprandial trial. Twenty-one healthy men and women participated in the study. Exclusion criteria are diabetes, hypertension, and being a usual consumer of carbonic mineral water. Two different mineral waters, high-sodium and bicarbonate mineral water (BW, sodium, 1 g/L; bicarbonate, 2 g/L) and low-mineral content control water (CW), were consumed with or without a standard meal (500 mL per meal). Statistical analysis was performed by repeated measures ANOVA. The results are as follows: serum sodium did not vary, and serum potassium decreased throughout the assay (p = 0.01) without water influence. Consumption of BW significantly decreased aldosterone levels at 30 (p = 0.046), 60 (p = 0.009), and 120 (p = 0.025) min when consumed alone, and at 120 min (p = 0.019) when consumed with meal, compared to CW. Moreover, the effect of BW on aldosterone levels was significant in women but not in men. In conclusion, consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water, in presence or absence of meal, induces aldosterone inhibition in healthy women, which is suggested to be a physiological response that protects them against hypertension. This trial is registered at clinicaltrial.gov as NCT01334840.

Iron Status Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Risk

“…However, there may be several interacting factors. In this regard, estrogens are related to higher levels of cholesterol transported by high-density lipoproteins (HDL-cholesterol) and aldosterone that may partly explain lower atherosclerosis and hypertension risk [39]. However, age has been suggested to exert higher influence than hormones as estrogens explain about 25% of the phenotype differences related to cardiovascular risk, and thus menopausal women have higher cardiovascular risk than fertile women mainly due to age [40].…”

Metabolic Syndrome Features: Is There a Modulation Role by Mineral Water Consumption? A Review

“…These 4 chronic studies revealed no consistent modulation and relation between circulating aldosterone and urinary sodium excretion [56,57,62,63]. However, significant acute effects upon circulating aldosterone were described with 3 similar NaHCO 3 − -rich (also chloride-rich) mineral-rich waters [2 being the same used by Schoppen et al [61] and Pérez-Granados et al [58] and 1 similar to the ones from Toxqui et al [63], Schoppen et al [61] and Pérez-Granados et al [58] studies] and an association with urinary sodium excretion was proposed [107,108]. In the two cross-over trials, in healthy postmenopausal women [107] and healthy younger women [108], the authors found a significant decrease in circulating aldosterone 120 min after mineral-rich water ingestion, with and without a meal [107,108]; water intake significantly increased urinary sodium excretion in 7-h urine [107].…”

“…However, significant acute effects upon circulating aldosterone were described with 3 similar NaHCO 3 − -rich (also chloride-rich) mineral-rich waters [2 being the same used by Schoppen et al [61] and Pérez-Granados et al [58] and 1 similar to the ones from Toxqui et al [63], Schoppen et al [61] and Pérez-Granados et al [58] studies] and an association with urinary sodium excretion was proposed [107,108]. In the two cross-over trials, in healthy postmenopausal women [107] and healthy younger women [108], the authors found a significant decrease in circulating aldosterone 120 min after mineral-rich water ingestion, with and without a meal [107,108]; water intake significantly increased urinary sodium excretion in 7-h urine [107]. The two mineral-rich waters, also fluorurate, tested in this last study, by Schoppen et al, behaved similarly but with the lower sodium content mineral-rich water showing a non-significant impact versus low-mineral content control water; no changes in urinary potassium, chloride and bone mineral excretion and urinary pH were observed [107].…”

An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults

“…This could be explained by the physiological response of aldosterone as fasting levels tended to be lower with BW at week 8 compared to baseline ( Table 2 ). In two postprandial randomised, controlled trials, BW decreased aldosterone levels after 120 min of consumption [ 31 , 32 ] and increased sodium excretion in 7-h urine [ 31 ]. As changes in fasting urinary sodium by BW did not reach significant levels in the present study, we suggest that the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could be a short-term homeostatic mechanism which helps to maintain blood pressure in the long term.…”