Algal bio-oil refinery: A review of heterogeneously catalyzed denitrogenation and demetallization reactions for renewable process

Recent advances in CO2 reduction with renewable reductants under hydrothermal conditions: towards efficient and net carbon benefit CO2 conversion

“…The weak interaction of hydrogen bonds among water molecules in the HTHP water phase eliminates the mass transfer resistance between interfaces 62 . Consequently, the efficient heat transfer and rapid mass diffusion resulting from the high diffusion rate and low viscosity of HTHP water promote reaction rates, hopefully contributing to invoke the reductive capacity of metals or organic hydrogen source for CO 2 reduction 59,63 .…”

“…High temperature and high pressure water (HTHP water) in hydrothermal conditions is recognized as an important factor in various geological processes, such as hydrothermal circulation, ore deposition, and rock alteration, 57 occurring in both sub-aerial and sub-seaoor environments and profoundly affecting the physicochemical properties of rocks and uids. At elevated temperature and pressure, HTHP water exhibits as good solubility for organics and gases as many nonpolar organic solvents due to its lower dielectric constant (3), which decreases from about 80 at ambient condition to 5 at the critical point [58][59][60] (374 °C and 22.1 MPa). Another signicant factor is the ionic product of HTHP water (…”

Valorization of Chlorella Microalgae Residual Biomass via Catalytic Acid Hydrolysis/Dehydration and Hydrogenolysis/Hydrogenation

“…With regard to the composition of bio-oil, complex mixtures are obtained that are rich in nitrogen-containing compounds, such as pyrroles, amines, amides and indoles, produced via proteins, carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, deoxygenated aliphatics and aromatics [30,31]. Removal of nitrogen compounds can be achieved via downstream denitrogenation processes while removal of oxygen can be achieved via in-situ or exsitu hydrodeoxygenation [31,32]. Heterogeneous catalysts with acid sites induce partial deoxygenation towards monoaromatics (benzene, toluene, etc.)…”

Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Algal HTL Bio‐Oil over Phosphide, Nitride, and Sulfide Catalysts

“…Moreover, other types of catalysts, such as metal phosphides, carbides, and nitrides, have been considered in the literature as promising for bio‐oils upgrading [27,28] …”

“…Moreover, other types of catalysts, such as metal phosphides, carbides, and nitrides, have been considered in the literature as promising for bio-oils upgrading. [27,28] Bowker et al [29] tested silica-supported Ni phosphide catalysts (Ni 2 P) for the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of carbazole with and without a benzothiophene co-feed. They reported that phosphide catalysts exhibited excellent stability in the HDN reactions and performed better than NiMo/Al 2 O 3 sulfide, even if benzothiophene inhibited the carbazole HDN over the metal phosphide catalysts.…”