Algal Biomass Conversion to Fuels via Combined Algae Processing (CAP) (2021 State of Technology and Future Research)

Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels via Hydrothermal Liquefaction, Combined Algal Processing, and Biochemical Conversion: Update of the 2022 State-of-Technology Cases

“…Table 6 lists the overall material, energy, and water consumption for the modeled HTL conversion process at the plant in the 2022 SOT case. The CAP model is based on NREL's documented framework involving low-temperature biochemical fractionation of algal biomass into its respective constituents (lipids, carbohydrates, and protein) for subsequent upgrading of each constituent to fuels or products (Wiatrowski and Davis 2023). In the process configurations evaluated here, a saline algae CAP model is configured to produce renewable fuels from lipids via extraction and upgrading and from sugars via either acid or BDO fermentation intermediates in the SOT and target cases (similar to the sugar fermentation concepts discussed previously for biochemical conversion).…”

“…(3) renewable hydrocarbon fuels via HTL of an algae/woody biomass blend (Zhu et al 2023); and (4) renewable hydrocarbon fuels via combined algae processing (CAP) (Klein andDavis 2023, Wiatrowski and. Table 1 summarizes the feedstock options, conversion technologies, and finished products of the four 2022 SOT pathways.…”

Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels via Indirect Liquefaction, Hydrothermal Liquefaction, Combined Algal Processing, and Biochemical Conversion: Update of the 2021 State-of-Technology Cases

“…The CAP model is based on NREL's documented framework involving low-temperature biochemical fractionation of algal biomass into its respective constituents (lipids, carbohydrates, and protein) for subsequent upgrading of each constituent to fuels or products (Wiatrowski et al 2022). In the process configurations evaluated here, a saline algae CAP model is configured to produce renewable fuels from lipids via extraction and upgrading and from sugars via either acid or BDO fermentation intermediates in the SOT and target cases (similar to the sugar fermentation concepts discussed previously for biochemical conversion).…”

“…Additionally, the SCSA allows for comparison of energy and environmental impacts across biofuel pathways in BETO's research and development portfolio. This technical report describes the SCSAs for the production of renewable hydrocarbon transportation fuels via a range of conversion technologies in the 2021 SOTs: (1) renewable high octane gasoline (HOG) via indirect liquefaction (IDL) of woody lignocellulosic biomass to syngas (note that the IDL pathway in this SCSA represents the bench-scale experiments in 2021, with corresponding conceptual scale-up assumptions (Harris et al 2022); (2) renewable diesel (RD) via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wet sludge from a wastewater treatment plant; (Snowden-Swan et al 2022) (3) renewable hydrocarbon fuels via biochemical conversion of herbaceous lignocellulosic biomass (Davis et al 2022;Lin et al 2020); (4) RD via HTL of algae produced as part of wastewater remediation services in a municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF) (Zhu et al 2022); and (5) renewable hydrocarbon fuels via combined algae processing (CAP) (Wiatrowski et al 2022). Table 1 summarizes the feedstock options, conversion technologies, and finished products of the five 2021 SOT pathways.…”

Nutrient Recovery from Algae Using Mild Oxidative Treatment and Ion Exchange

“…26 Therefore, we further hypothesized that the ionic ammonium and phosphate would be amenable to selective recovery from the MOT product liquor, while the mixture of carboxylates would be amenable to valorization as sustainable aviation fuel through ketonization, condensation, and hydrogenation. 11,27 This study investigates the integrated production of ammonium nitrogen, phosphate, and short chain carboxylates through MOT of extracted algae solids, summarized schematically in Figure 1. Nitrogen, expected to be present as ammonium (NH , and H 2 PO 4 − ), is aimed to be selectively recovered by anion exchange.…”