Algal Biorefineries

Liang, Yanna; Kashdan, Tyler; Sterner, Christy; Dombrowski, Lilli; Petrick, Ingolf; Kröger, Michael; Höfer, Rainer

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63453-5.00002-1

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…The mixing in the open pond was achieved naturally by wind convection currents, which is less expensive than raceways that require paddle wheels to circulate the culture. 49,50 In such a biological system that is open to various external factors, it is challenging to estimate the exact degrees of freedom. The biomass productivities can vary based on unexpected environmental conditions and contamination could occur which would affect lipid productivity and thereby process conversion efficiency.…”

Section: Model Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgal biomass via high‐value products coproduction

et al. 2020

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Summary Microalgal biodiesel has emerged as a promising fuel source, but has still not been adopted commercially. One of the several inherent challenges is its high production cost, which mandates the need to develop an integrated process to produce other valuable coproducts economically. This article combines life cycle assessment and preliminary life cycle cost assessment of a proposed biorefinery, in which a high value product, β‐carotene, is coproduced from microalgae with biodiesel. The GaBi 6 environmental management software was employed to investigate the environmental impact associated with the production life cycle. The mass flow rates and the energy consumed in all stages of biodiesel and β‐carotene coproduction for the functional unit of 1 kg of biodiesel were assessed. When the coproduction of β‐carotene was not taken into consideration, the total energy input for a functional unit of 1.0 kg biodiesel/m2/y and the net energy ratio, that is, energy returned on energy invested were estimated to be 128.1 GWh/y and 0.27, respectively. The life cycle cost analysis showed that although the total production cost associated with coproduction of β‐carotene from Dunaliella salina was higher than that of the sole production of biodiesel, it generates a hiked revenue of up to $37 million/y. Over the system lifetime of 10 years, the sole production of biodiesel showed a loss of US$345 million per functional unit, whereas the coproduction of β‐carotene achieved a net profit of US$120.7 million per functional unit. This work clearly showed that the coproduction of β‐carotene with biodiesel from D. salina overcomes the cost‐ineffectiveness resulting from the production of biodiesel alone.

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Section: Model Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgal biomass via high‐value products coproduction

et al. 2020

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“…Alginate is a commonly used encapsulation matrix for a variety of materials such as plant or mammalian cells, yeasts, bacteria and food products, drugs, oils and flavors as it forms stable reversible gels, it is cheap and available. It is capable of absorbing water quickly (taking 200–300 times their own weight in water) forming a kind of a viscous gum [ 38 ]. The combined use of calcium alginate with other biomaterials such as chitosan [ 39 ] could lead to a new way of controlling drug delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosystems for the Encapsulation of Natural Products: The Case of Chitosan Biopolymer as a Matrix

et al. 2020

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Chitosan is a cationic natural polysaccharide, which has emerged as an increasingly interesting biomaterialover the past few years. It constitutes a novel perspective in drug delivery systems and nanocarriers’ formulations due to its beneficial properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. The potentiality of chemical or enzymatic modifications of the biopolymer, as well as its complementary use with other polymers, further attract the scientific community, offering improved and combined properties in the final materials. As a result, chitosan has been extensively used as a matrix for the encapsulation of several valuable compounds. In this review article, the advantageous character of chitosan as a matrix for nanosystemsis presented, focusing on the encapsulation of natural products. A five-year literature review is attempted covering the use of chitosan and modified chitosan as matrices and coatings for the encapsulation of natural extracts, essential oils or pure naturally occurring bioactive compounds are discussed.

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“…In addition to the gas-exchanging effect, specific trace elements are usually released during cell lysis, which then yeast or microalgae can use for their own growth. Thus, it is supposed that the symbiotic effect of co-cultivation can achieve maximal biomass growth and high lipid yields compared to other methods of cultivation [3,17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioreactor Co-Cultivation of High Lipid and Carotenoid Producing Yeast Rhodotorula kratochvilovae and Several Microalgae under Stress

Szotkowski¹,

Holub²,

Šimanský³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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The co-cultivation of red yeasts and microalgae works with the idea of the natural transport of gases. The microalgae produce oxygen, which stimulates yeast growth, while CO2 produced by yeast is beneficial for algae growth. Both microorganisms can then produce lipids. The present pilot study aimed to evaluate the ability of selected microalgae and carotenogenic yeast strains to grow and metabolize in co-culture. The effect of media composition on growth and metabolic activity of red yeast strains was assessed simultaneously with microalgae mixotrophy. Cultivation was transferred from small-scale co-cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks to aerated bottles with different inoculation ratios and, finally, to a 3L bioreactor. Among red yeasts, the strain R. kratochvilovae CCY 20-2-26 was selected because of the highest biomass production on BBM medium. Glycerol is a more suitable carbon source in the BBM medium and urea was proposed as a compromise. From the tested microalgae, Desmodesmus sp. were found as the most suitable for co-cultivations with R. kratochvilovae. In all co-cultures, linear biomass growth was found (144 h), and the yield was in the range of 8.78–11.12 g/L of dry biomass. Lipids increased to a final value of 29.62–31.61%. The FA profile was quite stable with the UFA portion at about 80%. Around 1.98–2.49 mg/g CDW of carotenoids with torularhodine as the major pigment were produced, ubiquinone production reached 5.41–6.09 mg/g, and ergosterol yield was 6.69 mg/g. Chlorophyll production was very low at 2.11 mg/g. Pilot experiments have confirmed that carotenogenic yeasts and microalgae are capable of symbiotic co-existence with a positive impact om biomass growth and lipid metabolites yields.

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Algal Biorefineries

Cited by 23 publications

References 128 publications

Improving the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgal biomass via high‐value products coproduction

Improving the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgal biomass via high‐value products coproduction

Nanosystems for the Encapsulation of Natural Products: The Case of Chitosan Biopolymer as a Matrix

Bioreactor Co-Cultivation of High Lipid and Carotenoid Producing Yeast Rhodotorula kratochvilovae and Several Microalgae under Stress

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