Algal-derived nanoparticles and their antibacterial potential: Current evidence and future prospectives

Microalgae as a potential natural source for the green synthesis of nanoparticles

“…24 Unlike traditional methods, the biosynthesis of NPs is environmentally friendly, utilizing the machinery of microorganisms or plants with higher potential, and is not only faster and safer but also offers enhanced biocompatibility. 15,25 Specifically, the uses of various microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and microalgae, have been explored for the biosynthesis of important NPs, like metal oxides, through different processes (intracellular and extracellular), 8–10 employing biomolecules ( e.g. , proteins, vitamins, and pigments) as an alternative to chemical materials to make precursors (metal salt, metal oxides, ions, others) and convert them into NPs.…”

“…For example, AgNPs and CuNPs have been studied for their ability to bind to DNA and cause its condensation, which can affect essential cellular functions; 86,87,89 in addition to altering the level of phosphotyrosine (and hence cellular respiration and ATP production), which results in inhibiting bacterial cell growth. 9 These mechanisms may vary between different bacterial strains of the same species, 7 and in the case of AgNPs, the activity against Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria may vary, depending on the type of cell wall and their interaction with the positive charges of the NPs trapped by lipopolysaccharides with a negative charge, affecting the transport of NPs through the cell wall, whereas Gram (+) bacteria have a peptidoglycan-rich structure, which explains their resistance. 89,92…”

“…Nevertheless, conventional methods of synthesis can be harmful to the environment, often generate toxic waste and hazardous chemicals, and rely on non-renewable resources. 8,9 The search for sustainable alternatives is essential to address concerns about resource scarcity and pollution reduction, while minimizing negative impacts on human health and the environment. As the development of new synthesis methods is necessary to fabricate nanomaterials with improved properties or innovative applications, the use of microalgae biomass is being explored as a potential alternative and renewable source to generate nanoparticles (NPs).…”

“…The use of biological agents for nanoparticle biosynthesis has several advantages compared to conventional chemical and mechanical synthesis methods. 9,10 The exploration of new sources of microalgae-derived NPs can lead to the discovery of unique properties and innovative applications in nanotechnology, expanding the possibilities for use in various fields, e.g. , NPs by microalgae have a variety of biomedical uses, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer, with great importance to society, 7 as well as their potential in environmental application for absorbing heavy metals, degrading dyes, and in pollutant bioremediation.…”