Algal Flagellate Symbiosis in the Foraminifer Archaias*†

Lee, John J.; Zucker, W H

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1969.tb02235.x

Cited by 55 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The enhancement of skeleton deposition for corals and foraminifera in the light indicates that the symbiotic algae play an important role in this process. This confirms earlier in-situ observations for corals (Goreau, 1959(Goreau, , 1961(Goreau, , 1963, and laboratory studies on benthonic foraminifera (R6ttger, 1972;Lee and Zucker, 1969).…”

Section: Calcification In the Foraminifersupporting

confidence: 79%

The Influence of differential production and dissolution on the stable isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera

Erez¹

1978

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Planktonic foraminifera from plankton tows, sediment traps and sediments from the central North Atlantic were studied in order to understand how they acquire their oxygen and carbon isotope compositions. Shallow dwelling planktonic foraminifera (mostly spinose species), collected in plankton tows in the photic zone, show light isotopic compositions possibly in slight negative deviation from oxygen isotopic equilibrium.Radioactive tracer experiments using 14C and 4 5 Ca were conducted on shallow dwelling benthonic foraminifera and hermatypic corals. They show that photosynthesis of symbiotic algae within these organisms increases the amount of metabolic C02 incorporated into the skeleton which consequently becomes isotopically lighter. Because shallow dwelling planktonic foraminifera contain symbiotic algae it is suggested that their light isotopic compositions are also caused by photosynthetically enhanced incorporation of metabolic C02 in the skeleton. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt is my pleasure to acknowledge the individuals and institutions who supported the work which led to this thesis.

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Section: Calcification In the Foraminifersupporting

confidence: 79%

The Influence of differential production and dissolution on the stable isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera

Erez¹

1978

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“…In contrast to this study, however, the observed δ 18 O of A. angulatus from WEFER et al MCCONNAUGHEY 1989a, 1989b, STANLEY & SWART 1995and LANGER 1995. However, the rate of δ 13 C during calcification is much more affected by the activity of symbionts and the growth rate due to preferential removal of the lighter 12 C. In laboratory studies, A. angulatus showed a calcification rate which was two-to-three times higher in a light environment, than in a dark environment ZUCKER 1969 andDUGUAY &TAYLOR 1978).…”

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confidence: 40%

Possible Fossil Echinoid Mass Mortality Detected in Holocene Lagoons, Belize

Gischler

2010

PALAIOS

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The development of benthic foraminiferal assemblages during the past 6,000 yrs was investigated in Holocene sediment cores from three carbonate platforms (Turneffe Islands, Lighthouse Reef, and Glovers Reef) Based on cluster analyses, seven benthic foraminiferal assemblages are distinguished during the Holocene.The three platforms exhibit characteristic differences in benthic foraminiferal fauna and diversity, which are controlled by their respective environments during the last 6,000 yrs. Turneffe Islands has four benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are typical for restricted lagoons with fluctuating salinity. Lighthouse Reef is inhabited by two benthic foraminifera associations, which are characteristic of high water exchange with the surrounding ocean and clear waters. Glovers Reef is characterized by two benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which occur in deeper lagoons with slow water circulation. In general, during the Holocene, the highest mean diversity, evenness, and richness of benthic foraminifera were found in the Turneffe Islands and the lowest occurred at Glovers Reef. The foraminiferal faunas of the Lighthouse and Glovers Reefs had been in a "Diversification Stage" since 6,000 yrs, whereas the foraminiferal fauna of the Turneffe Islands reflects the development from a "Colonisation" (~4,000 yrs BP) to a "Diversification Stage" (~2,000 yrs to present time).Lagoonal depth, water circulation, substrate, and BW-temperature have higher influence on foraminiferal diversity as compared to lagoonal size and age. The negative correlation between diversity and lagoonal depth is based on differences in light intensity and substrate. In contrast to Lighthouse Reef, the Turneffe Islands and Glovers Reef show decreasing diversity of benthic foraminifera with increasing lagoon depth, due to finer sediment, turbid waters and/or dense mangrove growth, which reduce the light intensity and the number of species. Water Circulation also affected the benthic foraminifera modes of living and their diversity during the last 6,000 yrs.

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“…One of the most extreme examples of this is where many species of foraminifera retain algae or sequester algal chloroplasts (Lee et al, 1974;Lee & Bock, 1976;Muller-Merz & Lee, 1976;Leutengger, 1984;Lee & Anderson, 1991;Bernhard & Bowser, 1999;Chai & Lee, 2000;Correia & Lee, 2000). These sequestered chloroplasts can last for long times (months to years) and potentially could provide photosynthate to the ''host'' cell (Lee & Muller, 1969;Lee & Zucker, 1969;Lee & Bock, 1976;Muller-Merz & Lee, 1976). Such sequestered plastids are also found in extremely dark systems as they have been reported in large numbers of the benthic foraminifer Nonionella stella collected from water depths of 600 m (Bernhard & Bowser, 1999).…”

Section: Why Photoacclimate?mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Energy subsidies also sustain unique twilightdwelling symbiotic associations based on the retention of algae and algal plastids by marine invertebrates (Odum & Odum, 1955;Lee & Muller, 1969;Lee & Zucker, 1969;Muller-Merz & Lee, 1976;Muscatine & Porter, 1977;Leutengger, 1984;Lee et al, 1992;Bernhard & Bowser, 1999) where the algae provide reduced carbon to the host, and nitrogen and phosphorus are recycled between plant symbionts and their animal hosts (Lee & Bock, 1976;Muller-Merz & Lee, 1976;Falkowski et al, 1993). The fixed location in the water columns allow for dramatic increases in cellular pigment (Fig.…”

Section: Why Photoacclimate?mentioning

confidence: 97%

From the light to the darkness: thriving at the light extremes in the oceans

Dubinsky

Schofield

2009

Hydrobiologia

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Light-acclimation processes are central to allowing photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems to span from high light conditions, that are 10-fold higher than the light levels required to saturate photosynthesis, to the deep sea with extremely low light levels. In dim light systems, nutrient levels are often high, and cells maximize the absorption of light by increasing the cellular pool of pigments. The upper limits of light absorption are constrained by the package effect, which ultimately restricts the benefit of the light absorption associated with an increase in cellular pigmentation, thus decreasing the cost/benefit ratio relative to the metabolic cost of manufacturing cellular light-harvesting pigments. At extremely low light levels in the deep sea, chloroplasts are sequestered in numerous organisms; however, these species are not obligate autotrophs and supplement a heterotrophic/ mixotrophic existence with opportunistic autotrophy. While low light acclimation is based on maximizing light absorption, photosynthetic systems under high light, in addition to decreased light-harvesting cross sections, rely on energy-dissipation processes to avoid light-induced damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and other free radical susceptible cell structures. Dissipation of excess light energy represents the largest sink of the absorbed light in high light environments; however, these processes remain largely unstudied and are rarely quantified. Cells supplement their energy-dissipation processes through increasing the capacity to remove high-light-generated radicals and/or inducing vertical movement. Improved understanding of strategies remains central for the understanding of algal distributions in nature and has broad industrial implications. Photosynthesis in aquatic systemsSolar energy is the major source of energy for life on Earth, driving oxygenic photosynthesis, which in turn regulates the global flow of elements within terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric systems. In aquatic ecosystems, photosynthesis is uniquely challenged as

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Algal Flagellate Symbiosis in the Foraminifer Archaias*†

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

The Influence of differential production and dissolution on the stable isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera

The Influence of differential production and dissolution on the stable isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera

Possible Fossil Echinoid Mass Mortality Detected in Holocene Lagoons, Belize

From the light to the darkness: thriving at the light extremes in the oceans

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