John D. Hayes. Without the many weekly discussions, his patience to answer all the questions I had, and his encouragement and support, this thesis would not have been accomplished. I am grateful for the countless hours that he meticulously edited my publications and provided me with valuable feedback. His dedication to research and his students has been a true inspiration. He has made my experience as a student at Carleton University unforgettable. Thank you, John. I am also grateful to my co-examiner Hans-Peter Schröcker as well as my committee members Howard Schwartz, Natalie Baddour, Rishad Irani and Robert G. Langlois who provided me with feedback and guidance on my thesis. In addition, I acknowledge the generous financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Carleton University. In January 2019, I went to the University of Innsbruck for 4 months to study with Manfred L. Husty and his research group. It has been a productive and extraordinary experience, and many of the results found in this thesis would not have been possible without the help and ideas of Manfred.In this regard, I also acknowledge the financial support of this project and my stay in Austria from Mitacs Globalink. Moreover, I wish to express special thanks to Martin Pfurner, who always answered my questions and was able to translate complex v I would also like to thank Zachary A. Copeland, Alia Nichol and Quinn Bucciol for the many questions and discussions we had which helped me find answers to some of the gaps in my research.Finally, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my husband, my parents, and siblings for their moral support, constant encouragement, and the strength they gave me to complete this thesis. vi