This is an expanded version of my plenary lecture at the 8th European Congress of Mathematics in Portorož on 23 June 2021. The main part of the paper is a survey of recent applications of complex-analytic techniques to the theory of conformal minimal surfaces in Euclidean spaces. New results concern approximation, interpolation, and general position properties of minimal surfaces, existence of minimal surfaces with a given Gauss map, and the Calabi-Yau problem for minimal surfaces. To be accessible to a wide audience, the article includes a self-contained elementary introduction to the theory of minimal surfaces in Euclidean spaces.