Alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative to target osteogenic cell differentiation in TiO₂ scaffolds

Abstract

The purpose of bone tissue engineering is to employ scaffolds, cells, and growth factors to facilitate healing of bone defects. The aim of this study was to assess the viability and osteogenic differentiation of primary human osteoblasts and adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells from various donors on titanium dioxide (TiO2) scaffolds coated with an alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative. Cells were harvested for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on days 14 and 21, and medium was collected on days 2, 14, and 21 for protein analyses. Neither coating with alginate hydrogel nor alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative induced a cytotoxic response. Enamel matrix derivative–enriched alginate hydrogel significantly increased the expression of osteoblast markers COL1A1, TNFRSF11B, and BGLAP and secretion of osteopontin in human osteoblasts, whereas osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells seemed unaffected by enamel matrix derivative. The alginate hydrogel coating procedure may have potential for local delivery of enamel matrix derivative and other stimulatory factors for use in bone tissue engineering.

Influence of Titanium Oxide Pillar Array Nanometric Structures and Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Properties of the Surface of Dental Implants—A Pilot Study

“…All the samples coated with pillar array titanium oxide structures presented greater growth than the original samples, except for the grade V NT SI. Hence, the reason why the grade V NT SI did not increase cell growth compared to the original sample will have to be investigated, since the improvement in biocompatibility on TiO 2 surfaces compared to other surfaces has been well demonstrated [11,13,14,15,54,55,56].…”

Osteoimmunomodulatory Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivate and Strontium Coating Layers: A Short- and Long-Term In Vivo Study

“…EMD is extracted from developing porcine teeth and consists primarily of hydrophobic enamel matrix proteins including amelogenin (90%) and other nonamelogenin enamel matrix proteins (10%) . Many in vitro studies demonstrated that EMD could enhance bone regeneration through stimulating differentiation of osteogenic precursors, osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells, and activation of endothelial cells. − These results indicate that EMD may be a good candidate for biofunctionalization of implant surface. Takeda et al investigated the EMD potential in improving periodontal tissue regeneration in diabetic conditions.…”

Nanomaterials modulate stem cell differentiation: biological interaction and underlying mechanisms

“…The clinical application of stem cells, especially in cell therapy and tissue engineering, depends on the regulation and control of cell differentiation into specific cell types [ 13 ]. In the past decade, great efforts have been made to manipulate the differentiation of stem cells into numerous types of cells, such as osteoblast cells, neurocytes, adipocytes and cardiomyocytes [ 14 – 16 ]. However, the low differentiation efficiency and success rate limits the development of stem cell differentiation for stem cell therapy.…”

“…In addition, TiO 2 can fabricate as 3D scaffolds for stem cell differentiation. TiO 2 3D scaffolds coated with alginate hydrogel containing simvastatin or enamel matrix derivative can direct osteogenic differentiation of stem cells [ 14 , 64 ]. These findings above suggest that the shape and size of TiO 2 nanoparticles has a great influence on the differentiation of stem cells, and TiO 2 nanotubes but not spherical TiO 2 nanoparticles could serve as good biomaterials for the differentiation of stem cells.…”