Alginate Lyases from Marine Bacteria: An Enzyme Ocean for Sustainable Future

Abstract

The cell wall of brown algae contains alginate as a major constituent. This anionic polymer is a composite of β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G). Alginate can be degraded into oligosaccharides; both the polymer and its products exhibit antioxidative, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities and, hence, find many commercial applications. Alginate is attacked by various enzymes, collectively termed alginate lyases, that degrade glycosidic bonds through β-elimination. Considering the abundance of brown algae in marine ecosystems, alginate is an important source of nutrients for marine organisms, and therefore, alginate lyases play a significant role in marine carbon recycling. Various marine microorganisms, particularly those that thrive in association with brown algae, have been reported as producers of alginate lyases. Conceivably, the marine-derived alginate lyases demonstrate salt tolerance, and many are activated in the presence of salts and, therefore, find applications in the food industry. Therefore, this review summarizes the structural and biochemical features of marine bacterial alginate lyases along with their applications. This comprehensive information can aid in the expansion of future prospects of alginate lyases.

Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Endo-Type Metal-Independent Alginate Lyase from the Marine Bacteria Vibrio sp. Ni1

“…One unit (U) activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that generated 1 μg of uronic acid per min under standard assay conditions. In order to distinguish reaction products, the enzyme activity was also determined as the increase in the absorbance 235 nm to measure the amount of unsaturated uronic acid [ 15 ].…”

“…Currently, alginate lyase have been investigated in many species, including marine algae, marine mollusks, fungi, viruses and a wide range of marine and terrestrial bacteria [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Based on the homology of the primary sequences, alginate lyases are classified into twelve polysaccharide lyase families including PL5, PL6, PL7, PL14, PL15, PL17, PL18, PL31, PL32, PL34, PL36, and PL39, most belong to PL5 and PL7 [ 8 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Marine Bacterial Dextranases: Fundamentals and Applications

“…The difficulties in sampling impede complete exploration of the marine organisms; therefore, it is believed that the habitat can still provide new novel species [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Salinity and generally cold and alkaline environments are peculiar features of oceans that influence the life in that habitat which is known for harboring unique catalysts [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Therefore, potential applications of marine-derived catalysts can easily be conceived.…”

Sustainable alginate lyases catalyzed degradation of bio-based carbohydrates

“…Monomer ( Kim et al, 2012 ; Jagtap et al, 2014 ). Based on the amino acid sequence alignment, alginate lyases can be classified into different polysaccharide lyase (PL) families including PL5, PL6, PL7, PL8, PL14, PL15, PL17, PL18, PL31, PL32, PL34, PL36, PL39, and PL41 families, which are listed in the Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) database ( http://www.cazy.org/ ) ( Barzkar et al, 2022 ).…”