“…Most previous studies focused on the development of differentiation medium to induce MSCs into cells derived from three different germ layers ( Lee et al, 2004 ; Xu et al, 2004 ; Anghileri et al, 2008 ; Pavlova et al, 2012 ; Andrzejewska et al, 2019 ; Higuchi et al, 2019 ), and these studies demonstrated that MSCs had great potential to differentiate into cells derived from all three germ layers ( Lee et al, 2004 ; Xu et al, 2004 ; Anghileri et al, 2008 ; Pavlova et al, 2012 ; Andrzejewska et al, 2019 ; Higuchi et al, 2019 ); in some ways, these characteristics are comparable to hPSCs ( Higuchi et al, 2015 ; Andrzejewska et al, 2019 ). Currently, only a few studies have investigated the effect of cell culture biomaterials on MSC differentiation into specific lineages of cells, especially neural cell lineages ( Prabhakaran et al, 2009 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Ghorbani et al, 2018 ; Luo et al, 2018a ; Luo et al, 2018b ; Hsiao et al, 2020 ; Luo et al, 2020 ; Albashari et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021b ).…”