Algorithm Applied to SDG13: A Case Study of Ibero-American Countries

Abstract

Scientific studies confirm the existence of a crisis caused by climate change, in which global causes produce local effects. Despite climate agreements, greenhouse gas emissions continue to fall short of targets to limit global warming. There is still a need for comparable data for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13—Climate Action. The motivation of the research is to provide data for decision-making and to propose solutions to address the climate crisis. The article aims to propose a Fuzzy Logic algorithm to evaluate the SDG13 indicators and to deepen the discussion on climate change. The research is applied explanatory with a combined approach (quantitative-qualitative) through modeling, simulation, and case studies. As a result, the OWA operator ranks 10 Ibero-American countries to SDG13, indicating Colombia, Peru, and Cuba in the first positions. The main contributions are the reduction of identified knowledge gaps and proposals for action for policy and decision-makers. A limitation of this study would be the number of participating countries. The authors indicate future lines of research.

Fuzzy Algorithm Applied to Factors Influencing Competitiveness: A Case Study of Brazil and Peru through Affinities Theory

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“…Initially, Fuzzy Set Theory was applied in the field of Formal Sciences, but in the last 45 years, several researchers have published many articles and studies with applications in different fields [63][64][65][66]. Over time, Fuzzy Logic models have proven to be effective in addressing the new needs of society, such as the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 [16] and the climate crisis [67].…”

Climate and energy targets under Europe 2020 strategy and their fulfillment by member states

“…Any improvements in the monitored area have a positive effect on several other indicators, such as industrialization, poverty or even the ability of regions to adapt more easily to climate change (Che et al, 2021). However, despite climate agreements, greenhouse gas emissions continue to fall short of the goals to limit global warming, and global causes thus induce local effects (Barcellos-Paula et al, 2023).…”

Asymmetric nexus between pandemic uncertainty and public health spendings: Evidence from quantile estimation

“…Spending on nonpandemic healthcare services, such as routine vaccinations, maternal and child health, and the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases, has been reduced due to the focus on the COVID-19 response. This diversion of resources may have long-term consequences for population health, as delayed or neglected healthcare services can lead to increased morbidity and mortality from other diseases (Ataguba, 2020;Barcellos-Paula et al, 2023). Balancing the allocation of resources between pandemic response and maintaining essential health services remains a complex challenge for policymakers, necessitating careful planning and decision-making (Lupu & Tiganasu, 2022;Hartman et al, 2020).…”

“…The need to expand healthcare capacity, including the establishment of temporary hospitals and the recruitment and training of additional healthcare staff, has also contributed to increased investment (Mauro & Giancotti, 2021). These emergency measures have strained public health budgets, diverting resources from other areas and resulting in budget deficits (Barcellos-Paula et al, 2023;Jin et al, 2021).…”