Algorithm with temperature-dependent maximum charging current of a supercapacitor module in a tram regenerative braking system

Župan, Ivan; Šunde, Viktor; Ban, Ž.; Krušelj, Dubravko

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102378

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The basic components of the proposed regenerative braking system of the vehicle are the power grid, the vehicle, the ESS, the bidirectional DC-DC converter for energy conversion between the ESS and the main drive converter of the vehicle, and the charging and discharging algorithm of the SC [30]. The energy generated by regenerative braking is stored in the SC ESS and used to start and accelerate the vehicle according to the requirements of the control algorithm.…”

Section: Regenerative Braking System Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

Župan,

Šunde,

Ban

et al. 2023

Energies

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Energy savings in electric rail transport are important in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint. This can be achieved by storing and using the energy generated during regenerative braking. The system described in this paper consists of a supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS), a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and an algorithm to control the energy flow. The proper design of the algorithm is critical for maximizing energy savings and stabilizing the power grid, and it affects the lifetime of the SC ESS. This paper presents an energy flow control algorithm based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle that balances maximum energy savings with maximum SC ESS lifetime. The algorithm also performs SC ESS recharging while the rail vehicle stops on inclines to reduce the impact of its next acceleration on the power grid. To validate the algorithm, offline simulations are performed using real tram speed measurements. The results are then verified with a real-time laboratory emulation setup with HIL simulation. The tram and power grid are emulated with LiFePO4 batteries, while the SC ESS is emulated with a supercapacitor. The proposed algorithm controls a three-phase converter that enables energy exchange between the batteries and the supercapacitor. The results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible in real time and that it can be used under real operating conditions.

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Section: Regenerative Braking System Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the work in [30], the temperature dependence of the maximum charging current of the SC ESS is introduced. In this work, the exponential dependence of the maximum charging current on the supercapacitor temperature is used according to the following formula:…”

Section: Offline Simulation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

Župan,

Šunde,

Ban

et al. 2023

Energies

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The ESSs, as dispatchable energy resources, are considered to store the surplus energy and provide the required energy during power shortages 64,65 . Ultra‐capacitors and batteries are mainly utilized by ERSs 66,67 . Regarding the intermittency behavior and power density of the regenerative braking energy, ultra‐capacitors are a suitable choice to capture energy peaks due to their fast response 68,69 .…”

Section: System Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal stochastic energy management of electrical railway systems considering renewable energy resources' uncertainties and interactions with utility grid

Ehteshami

Hashemi‐Dezaki

Javadi

2022

Energy Science & Engineering

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Several studies have been reported for optimal operation of electrical railway systems (ERSs). However, the stochastic energy management of ERSs, including renewable energy resources (RERs), has received less attention. The RERs’ uncertainties might affect the ERSs. On the other hand, the calculation time of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)‐based approaches is an essential challenge, which should be solved, particularly in real‐time decisions and recursive optimization problems. Thus, it is crucial to study the ERSs' stochastic behaviors and uncertainties, including RERs. This paper tries to overcome the discussed concerns and challenges by proposing a novel ERS’s optimal stochastic energy management using clustering algorithms. In this paper, the backward scenario reduction algorithm has been used. In addition, regenerative braking energy (RBE) and energy management systems (ESSs) have been studied. Studying the impacts of changes in the number of passengers on the optimized operation of ERSs and investigating the interaction between the utility grid and the ERS are other contributions of this research. The proposed method is applied to an actual test system of Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company (TUSROC). Test results are validated by comparing with available MCS‐based methods. Simulation results illustrate the accuracy and computation time advantages of the proposed method. Simulation results illustrate that <0.6% inaccuracy appears in the proposed method, while it would be 500 times faster than MCS‐based ones. The comparative test results show the advantages of the introduced method.

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“…Indeed, the electric energy is directly stored in electrostatic form without energy conversion. Therefore, the stored electric energy can be rapidly supplied by SCs [17][18][19]. The highlight of the paper compared to the works in the literature is focused on supercapacitors fast ageing control based the SCs optimal operating points tracking through the three dimensional models of the SCs resistance and capacitance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercapacitors Fast Ageing Control in Residential Microgrid Based Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell/Electric Vehicle Charging Station

2023

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The demand for microgrids and their applications in buildings, industries and for very specific applications is increasing over time. Most of these microgrids are dependent on renewable energy sources, which brings along problems of intermittent energy production. To maintain the balance of the grid, normally storage devices are used. Supercapacitors (SCs) are emerging as one of the potential solutions to solve the issue of intermittent energy production by renewable sources because of their high-power densities and rapid charge/discharge capability. In other terms, SCs can charge, and discharge rather quickly as compared to traditional lithium-batteries. This usage makes it interesting for optimizing decentralized energy generation-based PV systems operations. In this paper, the authors propose the supercapacitors fast ageing control in residential microgrid, including electric vehicle charging station based Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell system. Supercapacitors fast ageing control concept focuses on keeping the electrical parameters of the SCs around the optimal operation points by smoothing the power fluctuations in the system. The used SCs model is essentially based on the intermittent current waveforms along with variable temperature conditions. It enables us to describe the degradation of the supercapacitor’s parameters based on the effects of the temperature and the DC-current undulation. To maintain the electrical parameters of SCs around the optimal operation points, the authors propose a new control based on maintaining the SCs resistance at a minimal level and its capacitance at a maximal level by adjusting the SCs current control according to the optimal operating points tracking. The results validate the effectiveness of the approach, this is important because controlling the fast degradation of capacitance optimizes the lifetime of SCs system. Future research may explore scalability to large microgrids and integration with diverse renewable energy systems.

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Algorithm with temperature-dependent maximum charging current of a supercapacitor module in a tram regenerative braking system

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

Optimal stochastic energy management of electrical railway systems considering renewable energy resources' uncertainties and interactions with utility grid

Supercapacitors Fast Ageing Control in Residential Microgrid Based Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell/Electric Vehicle Charging Station

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