“…Cycle counting is one of several fatigue-damage evaluation methods. The full procedure generally includes three main steps: cycle counting, damage evaluation in each cycle, and damage accumulation assessment (Chen and Shang, 2011; Wang et al., 2019). However, traditional cycle counting algorithms, such as peak counting, level crossing, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting (ASTM E1457-15, 2015; Downing and Socie, 1982; Rychlik, 1987), are not applicable online because they reconstruct the load spectrum to form as large a cycle or half-cycle as possible.…”