The very existence of this chapter on alienation should be recognized as a confirmation of sorts. Though many have declared the idea of alienation wearied and moribund (its obituary already written, Lee 1972), the evidence compiled here suggests otherwise. There is, in the first place, a strong continuing empirical and theoretical interest in alienation; and second, it is commonplace to find formulations that make no express use of the term itself but that are coordinate with, if not directly indebted to, the classical interest in 'alienation.' This suggests that the cautions involved work both ways: the enthusiasts make alienation the master concept -conveniently imprecise, empirically omnipresent, and morally irresistible when employed as a critique; while the doubters, with equal convenience, forget that dismissing the word in no way eliminates our dependence upon the root ideas concerning personal control and comprehensible social structures which the alienation tradition embodies.These introductory remarks correctly imply that intellectual struggle, along with empirical profusion, have characterized the recent history of alienation studies. The intellectual struggle is perhaps best reflected in two major reviews of the alienation literature, by Schacht (1970) and Israel (1971). Schacht, a philosopher, surveys the classical sources (chiefly Hegel and Marx) and the modern literature (Fromm, Horney, the sociologists, and existentialists), documenting two important theses: (a) the confusion of meanings that we currently associate with alienation has been there from the beginning (e.g. one finds both 'separation' and 'surrender' in the Hegelian treatment), and (b) an unsteady union of descriptive and prescriptive interests makes steady trouble in the concept's use. Israel's work covers much the same historical ground, and, like Schacht, he gives detailed attention to the predominantly American empirical studies of the past decade. Neither of these writers is very happy with the empirical spirit or product, and on at least two major counts they agree regarding the source of their unhappiness: they find• Reprinted from Annual Review of Sociology, volume 1,1975 ; originally entitled: "Alienation Studies". ··University