Alkali-activated, cementless, controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) utilizing industrial by-products

Reactivity and reaction products of alkali-activated, fly ash/slag paste

“…The addition of blast furnace slag in the one-source mixture was effective for improving the mechanical properties of the geopolymers made with metakaolin [43,44] and fly ash [23]. The authors investigated mechanical properties such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength, and setting properties of alkali-activated, fly ash/slag concrete at various slag contents, and concluded that the slag content of 20-30% relative to the total binder weight was optimal considering setting, flowability, and strength [27,28,20].…”

Internal curing of alkali-activated fly ash-slag pastes using superabsorbent polymer

“…Up to now, most of previous studies of AAFS mixtures have focused on the mechanical properties and microstructure [10][11][12] while the shrinkage behaviour has not been extensively studied. Shrinkage is an important property as it can induce cracks and reduce concrete durability.…”

Engineering properties of controlled low strength material (CLSM) incorporating red mud

“…These OH − ions hydrolyzed on the surface of ponded ash or fly ash known as pozzolanic materials. Then, the Si, Al, and Ca species were dissolved to form C-S-H gel through polymerization resulting in a higher compressive strength of CLSM [12,18]. However, when the red mud replacement exceeded 15 %, the compressive strength started to be decreased dramatically.…”

“…Several successful applications of using fly ash in CLSM production have been addressed due to its advantages of good flowability, reduced segregation and reduce material cost [8,9,14,18,24,27,37]. Bottom ash was a favourite by-product employed in the production of CLSM as a fine aggregate [14,21,22,31,32].…”