Alkali Activated Paste and Concrete Based on of Biomass Bottom Ash with Phosphogypsum

Vaičiukynienė, Danutė; Nizevičienė, Dalia; Kantautas, Aras; Bocullo, Vytautas; Kielė, Andrius

doi:10.3390/app10155190

Cited by 20 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The major compositions of the PG are CaO and SO 3 . Figure 7 shows the morphology of phosphogypsum which is of dense crystalline structure and irregularly shaped parallelepipeds [ 98 ] observed under a scanning electron microscope.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physico-chemo-mechanical properties of a geopolymer vary depending on the utilized raw material hence the need to understand the precursor and microstructural response to the activator solution [ 40 ]. Vaiciukyniene et al [ 98 ] pointed out that the substitution of biomass bottom ash with 15% phosphogypsum at a SiO 2 /Na 2 O molar ratio of 3 in NaOH activating solution (PG 15-3) and the substitution of biomass bottom ash with 15% phosphogypsum at a SiO 2 /Na 2 O molar ratio of 3 in NaOH + Na 2 SiO 3 activating solution (PGWG 15-3) exhibited different microstructures after 28 days of hardening. Figure 17 a shows that the microstructure of the PG15-3 sample had a varied honeycomb-like C-S-H and amorphous gel structure.…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“… Microstructure of alkali-activated biomass bottom ash-phosphogypsum samples [ 98 ]. ( a ) PG 15-3; ( b ) PGWG 15-3.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Geopolymer: A Systematic Review of Methodologies

et al. 2022

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The geopolymer concept has gained wide international attention during the last two decades and is now seen as a potential alternative to ordinary Portland cement; however, before full implementation in the national and international standards, the geopolymer concept requires clarity on the commonly used definitions and mix design methodologies. The lack of a common definition and methodology has led to inconsistency and confusion across disciplines. This review aims to clarify the most existing geopolymer definitions and the diverse procedures on geopolymer methodologies to attain a good understanding of both the unary and binary geopolymer systems. This review puts into perspective the most crucial facets to facilitate the sustainable development and adoption of geopolymer design standards. A systematic review protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and applied to the Scopus database to retrieve articles. Geopolymer is a product of a polycondensation reaction that yields a three-dimensional tecto-aluminosilicate matrix. Compared to unary geopolymer systems, binary geopolymer systems contain complex hydrated gel structures and polymerized networks that influence workability, strength, and durability. The optimum utilization of high calcium industrial by-products such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, Class-C fly ash, and phosphogypsum in unary or binary geopolymer systems give C-S-H or C-A-S-H gels with dense polymerized networks that enhance strength gains and setting times. As there is no geopolymer mix design standard, most geopolymer mix designs apply the trial-and-error approach, and a few apply the Taguchi approach, particle packing fraction method, and response surface methodology. The adopted mix designs require the optimization of certain mixture variables whilst keeping constant other nominal material factors. The production of NaOH gives less CO2 emission compared to Na2SiO3, which requires higher calcination temperatures for Na2CO3 and SiO2. However, their usage is considered unsustainable due to their caustic nature, high energy demand, and cost. Besides the blending of fly ash with other industrial by-products, phosphogypsum also has the potential for use as an ingredient in blended geopolymer systems. The parameters identified in this review can help foster the robust adoption of geopolymer as a potential “go-to” alternative to ordinary Portland cement for construction. Furthermore, the proposed future research areas will help address the various innovation gaps observed in current literature with a view of the environment and society.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Geopolymer: A Systematic Review of Methodologies

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“…There is a growing interest in the development of new cementitious binders for building construction activities. In this study, biomass bottom ash (BBA) was used as an aluminosilicate precursor and phosphogypsum (PG) was used as a calcium source [6]. The mixtures of BBA and PG were activated with the sodium hydroxide solution or the mixture of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate hydrate solution.…”

Section: Alkali Activated Paste and Concrete Based On Of Biomass Bott...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Issue High-Performance Eco-Efficient Concrete

2021

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“…Larger PG particles and lower impurity content are associated with a more regular crystalline form [23,30]. Pretreatment, such as calcining PG at a specific temperature of 170-200 • C [22,[31][32][33][34], is required to enhance the binding features of the PG and prevent the creation of solid solutions containing phosphates and fluorides [23,35]. In addition, hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO 4 •0.5H 2 O), which has hydraulic activity, is formed during dehydration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilising Phosphogypsum and Biomass Fly Ash By-Products in Alkali-Activated Materials

Zhu,

Pranckevičienė,

Pundienė

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Significant environmental issues are raised by the phosphogypsum (PG) waste that is being produced. In Lithuania, about 1,500,000 tons of PG waste is generated yearly, and about 300 Mt is generated yearly worldwide. A by-product of burning wood biomass in thermal power plants is biomass fly ash (BFA). By 2035, compared to 2008 levels, industrial biomass incineration for combined heat and power and, as a consequence, BFA, is expected to triple. This study revealed the possibility of using these difficult-to-utilise waste products, such as BFA and PG, in efficient alkali-activated materials (AAM). As the alkaline activator solution (AAS), less alkaline Na2CO3 solution and Na2SiO3 solution were used. The study compared the physical–mechanical properties of BFA-PG specimens mixed with water and the AAS. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of the BFA-PG-based, water-mixed samples increased from 3.02 to 6.38 MPa when the PG content was increased from 0 to 30 wt.%. In contrast, the compressive strength of the BFA-PG-based samples with AAS increased from 8.03 to 16.67 MPa when the PG content was increased from 0 to 30 wt.%. According to XRD analysis, gypsum crystallisation increased when the PG content in the BFA-PG-based samples with water increased. The presence of AAS in the BFA-PG-based samples significantly reduced gypsum crystallisation, but increased the crystallisation of the new phases kottenheimite and sodium aluminium silicate hydrate, which, due to the sodium ions’ participation in the reactions, created denser reaction products and improved the mechanical properties. The outcome of this investigation aids in producing sustainable AAM and applying high volume of hardly usable waste materials, such as BFA and PG.

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Alkali Activated Paste and Concrete Based on of Biomass Bottom Ash with Phosphogypsum

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Geopolymer: A Systematic Review of Methodologies

Geopolymer: A Systematic Review of Methodologies

Special Issue High-Performance Eco-Efficient Concrete

Utilising Phosphogypsum and Biomass Fly Ash By-Products in Alkali-Activated Materials

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