Alkali-Activated Permeable Concretes with Agro-Industrial Wastes for a Sustainable Built Environment

Abstract

This research presents a proposal for alkali-activated permeable concrete composites with the use of industrial by-products, including ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and waste-foundry sand, as well as agro-desecrate product, i.e., sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). GGBS and SBA served as binders, with crushed granite as coarse aggregate and waste-foundry sand as fine aggregate. The novelty of this proposal is in examining the influence of SBA, in combination with slag, on the fresh- and hardened-state properties of the proposed permeable concretes. Experiments were conducted to optimize the SBA percentage based on hydraulic conductivity and compressive and tensile strength after 28 days of air curing. The hardened density, compaction factor (workability), and saturated water absorption were also measured for all the mixes. Furthermore, the control and optimal mixes were subjected to evaluate the microstructure analysis (EDX, XRD, and FESEM) after 28 days of air curing. The mix containing 100% GGBS and 0% SBA served as the reference, with the optimal 10% SBA mix (with 90% GGBS) used for comparative analysis to understand its effect on the properties of permeable composites. The results showed positive or acceptable mechanical performance at a mix ratio of 10% SBA to 90% GGBS as binders. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the engineering behavior of alkali-activated permeable composites, facilitating the rational design of permeable pavement systems through the effective use of agro-industrial waste products, thereby conserving ecosystems while meeting engineering requirements.