Alkali cation intercalation manganese phosphate hydrate boosting electrochemical kinetics for pseudocapacitive energy storage

Ionic Activity on a Manganese Phosphate Electrode for the Electrochemical Conversion of the Salinity Gradient Energy

“…The intercalated pseudocapacitive materials store energy through the oxidation–reduction reaction of the bulk phase and the ultrafast ion intercalation/desorption process . For Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 materials, the lower potential occurs in the intercalation/deintercalation process, so it takes precedence over the oxidation–reduction reaction and can store more charges than the oxidation–reduction reaction of Mn 2+ at a high potential …”

“…31 For Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 materials, the lower potential occurs in the intercalation/deintercalation process, so it takes precedence over the oxidation−reduction reaction and can store more charges than the oxidation−reduction reaction of Mn 2+ at a high potential. 26 In the salinity gradient energy conversion experiment, 0.02 mol L −1 Na 2 SO 4 solution is employed as the low concentration solution, and the high concentration solutions are 1M + Br − , 1M + K + , 1M + Mg 2+ , 1M + Ca 2+ , and 1M+, respectively. The work of converting the salinity gradient energy from 0.02 and 1 mol L −1 Na 2 SO 4 solutions has been completed in the previous work, so it is not repeated in this work.…”

“…There are many kinds of ions in natural water, especially the ions contained in seawater, that are abundant, and the effect of ions on the extraction of the salinity gradient is worthy of attention and discussion . The valence state of the ions, ion radius, and possible electric double-layer overlap all have a significant impact on the conversation of the salinity gradient energy. − In this work, we will investigate the effects of ionic components, such as monovalent bromine (Br – ) and potassium (K + ) ions and divalent magnesium (Mg 2+ ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) ions, on the electrochemical properties of AC and Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 electrodes and the composed AC-Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 supercapacitor, as well as the effects on the conversion of salinity gradient energy. Na 2 SO 4 solution is the neutral electrolyte most commonly used in capacitors, and it has been proven to be a promising electrolyte for Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 materials because of its advantages, such as a large working potential window, less corrosion, and higher safety than alkaline electrolytes .…”

Mn3P2O8/TiN on Titanium Substrate for Superapacitor Electrode with Long Cycle Stability in KOH and Na2SO4 Aqueous Eletrolytes

“…The synthesis of Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 •3H 2 O nanosheets: The Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 •3H 2 O nanosheets was synthesized via hydrothermal process. 21 Firstly, 2 mmol NH 4 H 2 PO 4 and 5.8 mmol C 4 H 6 MnO 4 were added into 60 ml deionized water with a uniform stirring for 30 min. Secondly, the solution was transferred into a polytetrafluoroethylene lined stainless-steel autoclave and sealed, heated at 120 °C for 4 h, then cooled to obtain the Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 •3H 2 O nanosheets.…”

An Interfacial Engineering Approach of Flower-like Li+ Preintercalated Co–Cu Phosphate for Solid-State Hybrid Energy Storage Device

“…18 Recently, many investigations have been carried out on SCs that utilize alkaline metal ions like Li + , 19 Na + , 20 and K + , 21 and substantial progress has been achieved. 12 Generally, the guest species form chemical bonds with the host frame and inserted carrier ions, resulting in physical and electrostatic interactions 22 that positively affect the carrier ion transport mechanisms and the original host framework, irrespective of the need for structural reconstruction efforts. 23 Additionally, it offers optimization of properties, including structural stability, charge transport kinetics, and electrical conductivity, among other features.…”