Alkali salt vapour deposition and in-line ion exchange on flat glass surfaces

Karlsson, Stefan; Ali, Sharafat; Limbach, René; Strand, Michael; Wondraczek, Lothar

doi:10.13036/1753-3546.56.6.203

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These findings are in agreement with earlier results for ion exchanged glasses . Other authors published similar findings for ion exchanged glasses, for example, Calahoo et al or Karlsson et al. Stebbins et al showed by NMR studies that cations with higher field strength would have a relatively low coordination number and a higher fraction of NBO's than cations of lower field strength.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Therefore, the Na‐motion band at about 250 cm −1 in the experimental spectrum appears to gain intensity relative to the calculated band while the K‐motion band at about 150 cm −1 loses relative intensity. As discussed earlier, these trends indicate the formation of dissimilar ion pairs (Na/K in this case) around NBO ions, which affect through polarization effects the bonding and vibrational properties of the alkali metal ions in their sites. In the alkaline earth series, the high energy Ca 2+ ions are replaced by medium energy Ba 2+ ions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

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Mixed alkali/alkaline earth‐silicate glasses: Physical properties and structure by vibrational spectroscopy

Bäck

Ali

Karlsson

et al. 2019

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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In this article, we investigate the correlation of selected physical properties with structural changes in quaternary mixed modifier alkali/alkaline earth oxide silicate glass systems, focusing either on the mixed alkali effect [(20−x)Na 2 O-xK 2 O-10CaO-70SiO 2 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20)] or on the mixed alkaline earth effect [20Na 2 O-(10−y)CaO-yBaO-70SiO 2 (y = 0, 5, 10)]. A maximum microhardness and packing density, as well as a minimum glass transition temperature were observed for mixed alkali glasses. The mixed alkaline earth glasses do not exhibit any clear extrema in any of the properties studied. The hardness and glass transition temperature decreases, while the density and molar volume increases with increasing BaO content.Raman spectroscopy showed an increase in the Q 3 group compared to the Q 2 and Q 4 groups as the high field strength ions Na + or Ca 2+ are substituted by their low field strength analogs K + or Ba 2+ . In the mixed alkali series, the high field strength ion Na + , seems to push the low field strength ion K + into lower energy sites when present simultaneously, while such an effect is not apparent for the mixed alkaline earth glasses, where the far IR spectra of mixed glasses are equivalent to the weighted averages of the pure glasses. K E Y W O R D Smixed modifier effect, silicate glass, glass transition temperature, hardness, Raman spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy 350 | GRUND BÄCK et al.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Mixed alkali/alkaline earth‐silicate glasses: Physical properties and structure by vibrational spectroscopy

Bäck

Ali

Karlsson

et al. 2019

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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“…The model then rationalizes attractive reactions among cation species and their effect on the overall activation energy. Major additional factors which then affect the transport properties (Bunde et al, 1996) include site mismatch, site relaxation (frequently called structural relaxation), interionic interaction, and the mixedmodifier effect (Maass et al, 1992;Karlsson et al, 2015;Poletto Rodrigues et al, 2016;Griebenow et al, 2017).…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

et al. 2017

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Monovalent cations enable efficient ion-exchange processes due to their high mobility in silicate glasses. Numerous properties can be modified in this way, e.g., mechanical, optical, electrical, or chemical performance. In particular, alkali cation exchange has received significant attention, primarily with respect to introducing compressive stress into the surface region of a glass, which increases mechanical durability. However, most of the present applications rely on specifically tailored matrix compositions in which the cation mobility is enhanced. This largely excludes the major area of soda-lime-silicates (SLS) such as are commodity in almost all large-scale applications of glasses. Basic understanding of the relations between structural parameters and the effective diffusion coefficients may help to improve ion-exchanged SLS glass products, on the one hand in terms of obtainable strength and on the other in terms of cost. In the present paper, we discuss the trends in the effective diffusion coefficients when exchanging Na + for various monovalent cations (K + , Cu + , Ag + , Rb + , and Cs + ) by drawing relations to physicochemical properties. Correlations of effective diffusion coefficients were found for the bond dissociation energy and the electronic cation polarizability, indicating that localization and rupture of bonds are of importance for the ion-exchange rate.

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“…This is achieved by exchanging small-diameter alkali ions in the glass surface with larger diameter alkali ions, often denoted as stuffing. 5,19,20 In principal, chemically strengthened glass is obtained via immersing a glass product into a molten salt bath, by applying a salt spray 21,22 and by vapor deposition of the exchange medium 23,24 at temperatures below the strain point of the glass. The exchange reaction is driven by interdiffusion, described with the Nernst-Plank equations [25][26][27] Many parameters affect the ion-exchange process during the chemical strengthening and, thus, affect the primary target parameters, that is, the magnitude of surface compression and the depth of the compression layer below the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface cleaning prior to chemical strengthening process of glass

Atılgan

Özben²,

Sökmen³

et al. 2020

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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This work focuses on the effect of surface cleaning treatments of soda‐lime‐silicate float glasses before chemical strengthening where a compressive stress layer is introduced via ion exchange. As‐received and cleaned glass surfaces were subjected to two different treatments using demineralized water and acidic solutions were subjected to ion exchange in a molten KNO3 bath for 8 hours at 450°C. Precleaning treatment leads to a relative enhancement of the potassium surface concentration following chemical strengthening as compared to the uncleaned samples, also reflecting in altered surface stress profiles and case depth. These observations provide guidance for optimal pretreatment conditions of glass for chemical strengthening. Appropriate cleaning treatments can result in higher achievable fracture loads of subsequently chemically tempered glasses in ring‐on‐ring biaxial bending tests.

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Alkali salt vapour deposition and in-line ion exchange on flat glass surfaces

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Mixed alkali/alkaline earth‐silicate glasses: Physical properties and structure by vibrational spectroscopy

Mixed alkali/alkaline earth‐silicate glasses: Physical properties and structure by vibrational spectroscopy

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

Effect of surface cleaning prior to chemical strengthening process of glass

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