Alkaline Peroxide in Synergy with Mechanical Refining as Factor in the Development of EFB Paper Properties

Abstract

Pulp from the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) was extracted via Alkaline Peroxide Pulping (APP). The pulping process was conducted through three main steps; dewaxing of EFB, impregnation of alkaline peroxide (AP) into EFB and refining of biomass to finally produce the pulp. The varying peroxide levels and number of impregnation stages were found to affect the refining energy consumption and the properties of the resultant pulp and paper. Diagnosis by electron microscopic imaging revealed a strong correlation between paper properties development and paper surface morphologies. By multiplying the stages of the low alkaline peroxide level (2:2.5% AP) impregnation, refining energy could be reduced by 30% while improving brightness and paper mechanical properties. Higher alkaline peroxide level (4:5% AP) could reduce the refining energy by 50% while still improving brightness. Beyond these AP levels (8:10% AP), refining energy could be reduced by 67% by increasing the number of impregnation stages, with positive effects on brightness and paper mechanical properties. The findings suggest that increasing the AP impregnation stages had exposed more active sites to react with AP. The enhanced AP accessibility to EFB structures facilitated mechanical fibrillation of EFB vascular bundles through the refining process. The proper synergy between AP and the adopted mechanical refining was the factor that triggered the liberation of nanocells from EFB biomass and this had ultimately improved paper properties.

Inscribing the Compositional Changes of Heterogeneous Bio-system through FTIR Spectroscopy – Demonstration of Guideline to Sound Interpretation

“…This section serves as a guide for step three onwards in Figure 5. Given the unique nature of alkaline peroxide reactions that are susceptible to small experimental changes, a separate review had already been done to testify formation of dioxydanyl radical formation (Reaction 1) [11,13,16,37]. Reactions 1, 2 and 3 are now the compass of the analysis.…”

“…Dioxydanyl radical (DIOR) reaction with EFB appears to have attacked the chromophoric groups, producing RADIALS that are photostable and promoted inter-fibre bonding [11,38,39] at par with chemical fibre web. The well-defined signal at 3300 cm -1 reflects the effect of phenolics, which were found to predominate [36] over aromatic cleavage shown in reaction 2 as also reported by Zwichmayr and team (2018) [28].…”

“…The technique is dubbed as the solution to the polluting chemical pulping principle and the 2-in-1 pulping-in-bleaching outcome helped reduce the capital otherwise required for a chemical system with a separate bleaching plant. Offering pulp properties comparable to a chemical pulp [11] with a unique mass of useful fines, making zero-waste and resource efficiency [12] an actualised pillar. The high-yield fibres are particularly unique with retained radical-altered lignin fragments (RADIALS) with such other components as vanillin [13] and carotenoid [14] recognised as extractable.…”