Alkaline Storage Batteries

The oxygen evolution and recombination kinetics in Ni-based battery systems have been investigated under temperaturecontrolled, steady-state, overcharging conditions within a temperature range of 0-60°C. Theoretical relationships for both reactions have been derived. The mathematical relationships have been confirmed by experiments on sealed rechargeable NiCd batteries. Under steady-state overcharging conditions, the Cd electrode potential was proven to be constant, thereby significantly reducing the complexity of the interpretation of the results. The oxygen evolution reaction was found to be a two-step process at the Ni electrode: two linear Tafel dependencies were found at low and high currents, separated by a transition region at intermediate currents. The oxygen recombination kinetics was found to be first-order in partial oxygen pressure, strongly suggesting that the recombination reaction is purely diffusion-controlled by oxygen, redissolved into the electrolyte, to the Cd electrode surface. For all reactions, activation energies have been determined. The results can directly be applied to aqueous battery models and give more insight into both the overcharging and self-discharge processes occurring in these Ni-based systems.

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“…Since the solubility of O 2 in strong alkaline solutions is very low compared to that stored in the gas phase, 14 …”

Section: ͓2͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Evolution and Recombination Kinetics Inside Sealed Rechargeable, Ni-Based Batteries

Notten

Verbitskiy

Kruijt

et al. 2005

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The solubility of ZnO in aqueous KOH electrolyte (Dyson et al, 1968;Dirkse, 1959;Falk and Salkind, 1969) is only 30-37% of that of Zn(OH)2.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Electrode Cycle-Life Performance in Alkaline Electrolytes Having Reduced Zinc Species Solubility

Nichols

McLarnon

Cairns

1985

Chemical Engineering Communications

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“…[13][14][15][16] Such robustness is generally uncommon among rechargeable batteries; other types of batteries in use today degrade in about 1000 cycles.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 For example, lead-acid batteries typically offer 500-800 cycles, and lithium-ion batteries usually last no more than 1000 cycles especially when subjected to deep discharge. 18 Despite these striking attributes of iron-based batteries, the large-scale use of these batteries has been hampered largely by two technical issues of the iron electrode: (1) low charging efficiency of 55-70%, 16 and (2) poor discharge rate capability. 16,19,20 Our recent efforts have solved these two major problems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

Yang

Manohar

Narayanan

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Iron-based alkaline rechargeable batteries such as iron-air and nickel-iron batteries are particularly attractive for large-scale energy storage because these batteries can be relatively inexpensive, environment-friendly, and also safe. Therefore, our study has focused on achieving the essential electrical performance and cycling properties needed for the widespread use of iron-based alkaline batteries in stationary and distributed energy storage applications. We have demonstrated for the first time, an advanced sintered iron electrode capable of 3500 cycles of repeated charge and discharge at the 1-hour rate and 100% depth of discharge in each cycle, and an average Coulombic efficiency of over 97%. Such a robust and efficient rechargeable iron electrode is also capable of continuous discharge at rates as high as 3C with no noticeable loss in utilization. We have shown that the porosity, pore size and thickness of the sintered electrode can be selected rationally to optimize specific capacity, rate capability and robustness. These advances in the electrical performance and durability of the iron electrode enables iron-based alkaline batteries to be a viable technology solution for meeting the dire need for large-scale electrical energy storage. Electrical energy storage systems will enable the seamless integration of the electricity generated from wind turbines and solar photovoltaics into the electricity grid. Rechargeable batteries are particularly good candidates for such large-scale energy storage because of their high round-trip efficiency, inherent scalability, and flexibility for being located almost anywhere.1-6 Batteries such as vanadiumredox, lead-acid and lithium-ion are under consideration for this application because of their commercial availability. Yet, the widespread deployment of these battery systems is limited by their materials cost, lifetime, safety concerns, and the high cost of delivered energy. 7,8Rechargeable iron-based alkaline batteries such as nickel-iron and iron-air have unique advantages that make them particularly attractive for meeting the emerging demands of grid-scale electrical energy storage systems.6,9-12 Iron, the primary raw material for these battery systems, is globally abundant, relatively inexpensive, eco-friendly and is recycled readily. Thus, iron is particularly attractive as a raw material for batteries required at such a large scale.6 Iron-based batteries such as the nickel-iron battery are historically well known for their extraordinary robustness to thousands of cycles of charge and discharge, and tolerance to overcharge and over-discharge. [13][14][15][16] Such robustness is generally uncommon among rechargeable batteries; other types of batteries in use today degrade in about 1000 cycles.17 For example, lead-acid batteries typically offer 500-800 cycles, and lithium-ion batteries usually last no more than 1000 cycles especially when subjected to deep discharge.18 Despite these striking attributes of iron-based batteries, the large-scale use of these batteries ...

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Alkaline Storage Batteries

Abstract: not Available.

Cited by 173 publications

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Oxygen Evolution and Recombination Kinetics Inside Sealed Rechargeable, Ni-Based Batteries

Oxygen Evolution and Recombination Kinetics Inside Sealed Rechargeable, Ni-Based Batteries

Zinc Electrode Cycle-Life Performance in Alkaline Electrolytes Having Reduced Zinc Species Solubility

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

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