Alkaloid and Phenolic Compounds of Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar and its host Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb. in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Riau: A Preliminary Study

Sofiyanti, Nery; Wahibah, Ninik Nihayatul; Purwanto, Dedek; Syahputra, Edi; Salleh, Kamarudin Mat

doi:10.13057/biodiv/d090105

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These dots were absent in the part of R. patma flower bud tissue. The brownish coloration in Figure 2, R. patma tissue might be due to higher accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as tannin (Sofiyanti et al 2008;Mursidawati et al 2020). This metabolite accumulation is also visually visible in the distal part of the incised flower bud, as seen in pinkish coloration (Figure 1.B and C).…”

Section: The Macroscopical and Microscopical Observationmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It is unknown if such starch processing also occurs in Rafflesia especially since no previous study was done to unravel the starch biosynthesis, storing, and degradation in Rafflesia. The only known thing stored in the flower organ would be secondary metabolites (Sofiyanti et al 2008), which contributes to flower coloration (Mursidawati et al 2020), despite it is unclear if the metabolites are Rafflesia or host in origin. As Rafflesia flower blooms for about 5 days (pers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Wicaksono¹,

Mursidawati²

2020

Nusantara Biosci

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Abstract. Wicaksono A, Mursidawati S. 2020. Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma-Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 91-96. As holoparasitic plant, Rafflesia has no recognizable plastid genome, but it has plastid-like organelle. Despite the fact that it obtains nutrients from host plant, it is unknown if Rafflesia stores primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates, from its host. A study was performed to visualize the starch in Rafflesia patma Blume proximal tissue which was intersected to its host root, Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston, using modified Sachs’ test with Lugol’s iodine. The result revealed the absence of blackening in the R. patma tissue caused by starch reaction with the iodine, but occurred in the root cortical tissue of T. leucostaphylum. The absence of starch in R. patma tissue indicated that possibly the plastid-like organ has no similar function to amyloplast, and starch is not used for storage in the flower. It is likely that R. patma relies completely on the host’s photosynthate to maintain the flower metabolism during anthesis period. However, detailed histochemical analysis for starch or carbohydrate is needed for confirmation whether the starch is existing even in small quantity, and molecular genetic observation on sucrose intake and flowering (anthesis) regulatory genes will also be required to confirm if Rafflesia takes the photosynthate directly from its host and possibility if Rafflesia coordinates the formation of flower bud and anthesis between the endophytic tissues to prevent overexploitation of nutrients from its host.

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Section: The Macroscopical and Microscopical Observationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Wicaksono¹,

Mursidawati²

2020

Nusantara Biosci

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“…Comparatively, in Rafflesia, Sofiyanti et al (2008) detected two alkaloids (nicotine and caffeine) and three phenolic compounds (catechin, proanthocyanidin/ leucoanthocyanidin, and phenolic acid) in Ra. hasseltii and T. leucostaphyllum.…”

Section: Ethnobotany Ethnomedicinal Properties and Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This is necessary because, if the secondary metabolites in Rhizanthes and T. papillosum are similar, as in Ra. hasseltii and T. leucostaphyllum (Sofiyanti et al, 2008), then focus can be placed on the conservation of Rhizanthes, since Tetrastigma can be easily propagated (Fig. 6b).…”

Section: Ethnobotany Ethnomedicinal Properties and Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizanthes, the Forgotten Relative of Rafflesia in the Rafflesiaceae

Wicaksono¹,

Cristy²,

Raihandhany

et al. 2021

Bot. Rev.

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Rhizanthes is a holoparasitic plant of the Rafflesiaceae, and, just like Rafflesia, its host is Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Unlike Rafflesia, very little research has been conducted on Rhizanthes other than a few studies focusing on its taxonomy and anatomy, and limited studies on its propagation, despite some ethnomedicinal uses in several regions of Indonesia. Wild populations of Rhizanthes are declining due to deforestation and overharvesting by locals. Artificial pollination and possible seed spread, which are similar to Rafflesia, may be useful for future propagation-based studies, which are generally very difficult and challenging for members of the Rafflesiaceae. This paper emphasizes the cultural and ethnomedicinal importance of Rhizanthes and seeks to define a conservation road-map that incorporates a scientifically-based approach to research while also seeking a four-pronged approach to the conservation of Rhizanthes: 1) conventional and biotechnology-based conservation; 2) germplasm multiplication and preservation; 3) reintroduction into the wild and conservation of wild populations; 4) policy-based protective measures.

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“…Even though select metabolites in Rafflesia and Sapria were described by Sofiyanti et al (2008), Kanchanapoom et al (2007), andIwashina et al (2020) (Appendix I Table 1), in silico approaches such as molecular docking and drug prediction using an online database (e.g. SwissADME) for the drug prediction test and PASS Online to test the potential bioactivity of a metabolite can be used as a non-destructive (because it relies exclusively on existing metabolite data), yet powerful analytical method to acquire preliminary data based on simulation as the first step to decide whether it can be processed for the next step: as a clinical trial (Wicaksono and Muttaqin 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening Rafflesia and Sapria Metabolites Using a Bioinformatics Approach to Assess Their Potential as Drugs

Wicaksono¹,

Raihandhany²,

Zen³

et al. 2022

Philipp J Sci

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The Rafflesiaceae family consists of three genera of parasitic plants – Rafflesia, Rhizanthes, and Sapria – with purported ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal properties. In this study, the inhibitory properties of 21 characterized metabolites associated with Rafflesia and Sapria were tested against eight proteins linked to human diseases – including seven pathogenic-associated HMGCR, VEGFR2, acetylcholinesterase, NMT, H1N1 neuraminidase, GSK3-β, and estrogen receptor α, and one plant-pathogenic associated Colletotrichum chitin deacetylase. Each metabolite was tested using drug-likeness screening, screening metabolite activity, and molecular docking to eight diseases and microbial physiological processes. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between metabolite ligands and protein residues were characterized. Molecular dynamics were also assessed to analyze the stability of the protein-ligand interaction. Our results indicate that the gallotannins and flavonol phenolics from Rafflesia and Sapria display high inhibitory potential against disease proteins. All metabolite-protein pairs displayed stable fluctuations. However, some compounds disobeyed LRO5 drug-likeness and displayed moderate bioavailability and synthetic accessibility, so an improved drug delivery method is required. All 21 metabolites are available in other popular edible plants (mainly tea and certain berries) and could be used to create artificially mixed metabolite-based medicine to prevent the exploitation and endangerment of wild Rafflesia and Sapria populations. Our activity likelihood screening and molecular docking data indicate that Rafflesia and Sapria metabolites possess considerable potential as anti-cholesterol, respiratory antiviral, wound-healing, and antifungal properties. To protect Rafflesiaceae plants in the wild, metabolites can be assessed from other plant sources and combined as an artificial herbal mix.

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Alkaloid and Phenolic Compounds of Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar and its host Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb. in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Riau: A Preliminary Study

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Short Communication: Lugol’s iodine test on Rafflesia patma–Tetrastigma leucostaphylum intersection tissue for preliminary starch visualization

Rhizanthes, the Forgotten Relative of Rafflesia in the Rafflesiaceae

Screening Rafflesia and Sapria Metabolites Using a Bioinformatics Approach to Assess Their Potential as Drugs

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