Alkylphenol and bisphenol A levels in rubber products

Ozaki, Asako; Baba, Tsugio

doi:10.1080/0265203021000014798

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…While endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been identified in extracts of environmental and food matrices, personal care products, sunscreens and a limited number of commercial and consumer products [39]–[42], most studies have focused on identification of known EDCs, rather than assessing the overall EDC activity of a sample extract and then identifying the responsible chemicals. Using hormone receptor based screening approaches, like that described here for the AhR, extracts of a very limited number of paper, rubber and plastic materials have been previously shown to contain estrogenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, and/or antiprogesteronic activity [43]–[45]. Thus, in addition to AhR agonists, commercial and consumer products also contain extractable estrogenic EDCs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Commercial and Consumer Products Contain Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon (Dioxin) Receptor

et al. 2013

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Activation of the Ah receptor (AhR) by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), can produce a wide variety of toxic and biological effects. While recent studies have shown that the AhR can bind and be activated by structurally diverse chemicals, how widespread of these AhR agonists are in environmental, biological and synthetic materials remains to be determined. Using AhR-based assays, we demonstrate the presence of potent AhR agonists in a variety of common commercial and consumer items. Solvent extracts of paper, rubber and plastic products contain chemicals that can bind to and stimulate AhR DNA binding and/or AhR-dependent gene expression in hepatic cytosol, cultured cell lines, human epidermis and zebrafish embryos. In contrast to TCDD and other persistent dioxin-like HAHs, activation of AhR-dependent gene expression by these extracts was transient, suggesting that the agonists are metabolically labile. Solvent extracts of rubber products produce AhR-dependent developmental toxicity in zebrafish in vivo, and inhibition of expression of the metabolic enzyme CYP1A, significantly increased their toxic potency. Although the identity of the responsible AhR-active chemicals and their toxicological impact remain to be determined, our data demonstrate that AhR active chemicals are widely distributed in everyday products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Commercial and Consumer Products Contain Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon (Dioxin) Receptor

et al. 2013

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“…This is unrealistic since at a typical film thickness of 20 µm this means that the ratio would have been 1700 cm 2 film contacting 100 g rice. Their dietary intake estimation from this data, of 0.7 µg /kg bw/day, gave a safety margin of 70000, based on a NOAEL of 50mg/kg bw/day (Cunny et al 1997, Chapin et al 1999 Although not directly studying migration into food, a similar study (Ozaki and Baba 2003) found that NP in rubber products that could come in contact with food such as spatulas, migrated more strongly into n-heptane (6.6%) when compared to 20% ethanol (0.7%) and water (0.03%). The results indicated that migration of NP to food can occur during cooking and that food is affected at different rates depending on its hydrophobic content; e.g.…”

Section: Migration Potentialmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…On the basis of these criteria, 20 sub-types of the above listed materials were obtained. For 5 of the 20 sub-types another example was obtained (the same material sub-type obtained at a different time and from different sources) in order to Noriko 1999) and in rubber products (Ozaki and Baba 2003). In a few cases it was not possible to obtain unused material and so external portions of the packaging that were not in contact with the food were used.…”

Section: Selection Of Food-contact Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that some of these materials could contain NP as a result of the presence of NP ethoxylate additives or in particular, TNPP. There have recently been reports (Ozaki and Baba 2003, TNO 2003, Inoue et al 2001, Noriko 1999, Nemoto et al 2000, Kawamura 2000, Loyo-Rosales et al 2004 of positive identification and quantification of NP in some materials either directly or as a result of migration studies. The results from these reports on the measurements of NP in materials that may come in contact with food are summarised in Table 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

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4-Nonylphenol (NP) in food-contact materials: Analytical methodology and occurrence

Fernandes¹,

Rose²,

Charlton³

2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Nonylphenol is a recognized environmental contaminant, but it is unclear whether its occurrence in food arises only through environmental pathways or also during the processing or packaging of food, as there are reports that indicate that materials in contact with food such as rubber products and polyvinylchloride wraps can contain nonylphenol. A review of the literature has highlighted the scarcity of robust analytical methodology or data on the occurrence of nonylphenol in packaging materials. This paper describes a methodology for the determination of nonylphenol in a variety of packaging materials, which includes plastics, paper and rubber. The method uses either Soxhlet extraction or dissolution followed by solvent extraction (depending on the material type), followed by purification using adsorption chromatography. Procedures were internally standardized using 13C-labelled nonylphenol and the analytes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is validated and data relating to quality parameters such as limits of detection, recovery, precision and linearity of measurement are provided. Analysis of a range of 25 food-contact materials found nonylphenol at concentrations of 64-287 microg g(-1) in some polystyrene and polyvinylchloride samples. Far lower concentrations (<0.03-1.4 microg g(-1)) were detected in the other materials. It is possible that occurrence at the higher levels has the potential for migration to food.

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“…Such alkylphenols, especially NP and OP, accumulate in the environment: they are found in sewage sludge, stream sediments and some drinking water (8–10). NP and OP are also found in ordinary household and rubber products (11). Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in a variety of products such as polycarbonates, epoxy resins and other plastics, and is a potential source of exposure to humans (12–14) via food and beverage cans, plastic bottles and cups, and composites and sealants in dentistry (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

p‐Nonylphenol, 4‐tert‐Octylphenol and Bisphenol A Increase the Expression of Progesterone Receptor mRNA in the Frontal Cortex of Adult Ovariectomized Rats

Funabashi

Nakamura

Kimura

2004

J Neuroendocrinology

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Alkylphenols, such as p-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are thought to mimic oestrogens in their action, and are called endocrine disrupters. We examined whether these endocrine disrupters affected progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA expression in the adult female rat neocortex. In one experiment, at 12.00 h, ovariectomized rats were given a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg of NP, 10 mg of OP or 10 mg of BPA, or sesame oil alone as control. Twenty-four hours after injection, the left side of the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and temporal cortex was collected. In a second experiment to study the time-course of the effects of BPA on PR mRNA, the ovariectomized rats were given a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg of BPA and killed 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. In addition to the frontal cortex and temporal cortex, the occipital cortex was also collected. Northern blotting revealed that, in the first experiment, injection of NP, OP or BPA significantly increased PR mRNA expression in the frontal cortex but not in the parietal cortex. In the temporal cortex, BPA significantly decreased PR mRNA, but NP and OP produced no significant changes. The second experiment revealed that, in the frontal cortex, BPA induced a significant increase in PR mRNA expression at 6 h after injection, which lasted until 24 h after injection. In the temporal cortex, PR mRNA expression was significantly decreased 6 h after injection of BPA and was still significantly low 24 h after injection. No significant change was observed in the occipital cortex. These results suggest that, even in adult rats, endocrine disrupters alter the neocortical function by affecting the PR system, although the physiological significance of PR in the affected area is unknown.

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Alkylphenol and bisphenol A levels in rubber products

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Common Commercial and Consumer Products Contain Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon (Dioxin) Receptor

Common Commercial and Consumer Products Contain Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon (Dioxin) Receptor

4-Nonylphenol (NP) in food-contact materials: Analytical methodology and occurrence

p‐Nonylphenol, 4‐tert‐Octylphenol and Bisphenol A Increase the Expression of Progesterone Receptor mRNA in the Frontal Cortex of Adult Ovariectomized Rats

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