Alkylresorcinol Metabolite Concentrations in Spot Urine Samples Correlated with Whole Grain and Cereal Fiber Intake but Showed Low to Modest Reproducibility over One to Three Years in U.S. Women

Landberg, Rikard; Townsend, Mary K.; Neelakantan, Nithya; Sun, Qi; Sampson, Laura; Spiegelman, Donna; Dam, Rob M. van

doi:10.3945/jn.111.156398

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This is in line with a recent study showing low reliability in spot urine. 10 Higher AR metabolite concentrations observed for men versus women are probably due to higher intact AR concentrations in men, as observed previously among these participants. 4 This may partly be explained by higher intake of AR containing foods or by lower clearance of intact AR among men versus women.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Reliability of fasting plasma alkylresorcinol metabolites concentrations measured 4 months apart

et al. 2012

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Alkylresorcinols (AR) have been suggested as specific dietary biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake. AR are metabolised to 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), which have longer apparent half-lives and were recently proposed to better reflect long-term whole-grain consumption than the intact AR. The objective of this study was to analyse the reliability-expressed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)-of AR metabolite concentrations among 100 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study who provided two fasting plasma samples 4 months apart. DHBA and DHPPA concentrations were not significantly different between the first and second measurement over the 4-month period (P40.05). The ICC was 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 0.13-0.49) for DHBA and 0.37 (95%CI ¼ 0.19-0.53) for DHPPA. These results suggest that AR metabolites cannot be considered to be better biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake than the intact AR in fasting plasma (ICC ¼ 0.42). (2012) 66, 968-970; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012 published online 20 June 2012 Keywords: alkylresorcinols; DHBA; DHPPA; biomarker; reliability; whole-grain INTRODUCTION Assessment of whole-grain consumption in epidemiological studies is usually based on self-reports. Besides measurement errors, the lack of standardised definitions of whole-grain foods challenge the accuracy of assessment. Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids present almost exclusively in the bran of rye and wheat, and have been suggested as promising candidate biomarkers of whole-grain consumption. 1,2 To gain reliable risk estimates with a single blood measurement, as is usually obtained in epidemiological studies, the withinperson variance over time should be small compared with between-person variance. 3 The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), defined as the ratio of between-person variance and the sum of between-and within-person variance, is an established indicator of reliability taking both components into account. 3 We previously observed moderate reliability in plasma of total and individual AR concentrations over time (ICC ¼ 0.42), 4 which could be due to the short half-life of AR (B5 h). 5 AR are metabolised in humans via oxidation. 1 The metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA) have longer half-lives (B11-16 h) and may better reflect long-term whole-grain consumption. 6 The aim of this study was to assess the reliability (as expressed by the ICC) of concentrations of AR metabolites, DHBA and DHPPA, in human fasting plasma over a 4-month period in a population-based sample, which we previously used to assess the reliability of AR. 4 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition SUBJECTS AND METHODSThis study was based on the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study, 7,8 as described previously. 4 From EPIC-Potsdam, 407 persons were invited to participate in a val...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Reliability of fasting plasma alkylresorcinol metabolites concentrations measured 4 months apart

et al. 2012

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“…So far, no study has reported the presence of these novel metabolites in urine after rye consumption, and it is possible that the urinary AR metabolite composition differ after wheat and rye intake. This is supported by the DHPPA/DHBA ratio in urine which is usually >2 after wheat-based AR intake as reported here and elsewhere [9,25], while the ratio in studies where rye is the primary AR source commonly <2 after rye-based AR consumption [16,17,33,34]. Unlike previous studies [16,17], no inverse relationship between AR intake and urinary AR metabolite recovery was observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…This suggests that 24-h urinary excretion of AR metabolites cannot only distinguish between WG wheat consumers and non-consumers but can also be used to differentiate between levels of WG wheat intake. Shorter collection intervals (e.g., spot urine samples) may reflect WG intake less effectively and be less reproducible than 24-h collections [17,25], although a WG serving (16 g of WG) increment increased 12-h DHPPA urinary excretion by 67 % based on a 12-h urine sample in a US population [26], against a background of very low overall WG intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of plasma alkylresorcinols (AR) and urinary AR metabolites as biomarkers of compliance in a short-term, whole-grain intervention study

McKeown

Marklund

et al. 2015

Eur J Nutr

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“…Because major sources of AR, such as ready-to-eat cereal and whole-grain wheat bread, are usually consumed on a daily basis, plasma AR may be a useful marker of habitual consumption in populations with a stable intake of whole-grain foods. Al-though, urinary AR metabolites have been correlated with whole-grain intake in the US populations (14,15), data on the use of plasma AR as surrogate biomarkers of total whole-grain intake in both elderly and free-living adults in the United States are scarce. In northern European populations who consume predominantly whole-grain rye, plasma AR has been found to correlate with intake of whole grain (16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Alkylresorcinols, Biomarkers of Whole-Grain Intake, Are Related to Lower BMI in Older Adults

Ross

Shea

et al. 2012

The Journal of Nutrition

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Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids found in the bran fraction of whole-grain wheat, rye, and barley. In intervention studies, plasma AR concentration increased in response to greater intakes of whole grain, wheat, and rye. This study examined the cross-sectional associations between plasma AR and habitual whole-grain intake, BMI, and metabolic risk factors in 407 free-living older adults (166 men and 241 women; aged 60-81y; median BMI: 27 kg/m 2 ). Plasma AR were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS, and whole-grain intakes were estimated by using an FFQ. After adjustment for fasting TG concentrations, median plasma AR concentrations across quartile categories of AR were 5, 14, 27, and 62 nmol/L, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficients between plasma AR and whole-grain wheat-rich foods and total bran intake were 0.31 and 0.27, respectively (both P < 0.0001). After adjustment for multiple covariates, the geometric means of BMI in the lowest and highest quartile category of plasma AR were 27.6 and 26.7 kg/m 2 , respectively (P-trend = 0.04). No associations were observed between plasma AR and glucose and insulin. Our study shows a dose-dependent relationship between whole-grain intake and plasma AR and confirms the previously observed inverse relationship between whole-grain intake and BMI using an independent biomarker of whole-grain wheat intake.

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Alkylresorcinol Metabolite Concentrations in Spot Urine Samples Correlated with Whole Grain and Cereal Fiber Intake but Showed Low to Modest Reproducibility over One to Three Years in U.S. Women

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Reliability of fasting plasma alkylresorcinol metabolites concentrations measured 4 months apart

Reliability of fasting plasma alkylresorcinol metabolites concentrations measured 4 months apart

Comparison of plasma alkylresorcinols (AR) and urinary AR metabolites as biomarkers of compliance in a short-term, whole-grain intervention study

Plasma Alkylresorcinols, Biomarkers of Whole-Grain Intake, Are Related to Lower BMI in Older Adults

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